Schools are closing again in response to surging levels of COVID-19 infection, but staging randomised trials when students eventually return could help to clarify uncertainties around when we should send children back to the classroom, according to a new study.
Experts say that school reopening policies currently lack a rigorous evidence base - leading to wide variation in policies around the world, but staging cluster randomized trials (CRT) would create a body of evidence to help policy makers take the right decisions.
The pandemic's rapid onslaught meant many public health policies had to be put into practice quickly despite uncertainty about the risks from SARS-CoV-2 and the effectiveness of various prevention measures.
An international research team say that when governments renew steps toward re-opening schools, there will be an opportunity to answer questions about the impact of closures on transmission of the virus, as well as when and how these restrictions can be safely lifted.
Led by scientists at the University of Birmingham, the team - which includes experts from Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania and Western University, Canada - today published their findings in Clinical Trials.
Report co-author Professor Karla Hemming, from the University of Birmingham's Institute of Applied Health Research, commented: "As COVID-19 cases and deaths ebb and flow around the world, the question of when and how to withdraw public health policies is pressing.
"Many regions face new waves of outbreaks and new lockdowns. Whether and when schools can re-open and stay open will continue to be a question of upmost importance, but policymakers are left to make such decisions in the absence of rigorous evidence.
"Given the impact of school closures on both education and the economy, schools cannot remain closed indefinitely. But when and how can they be reopened safely? A cluster randomized trial is a rigorous and ethical way to resolve these uncertainties."
Researchers noted wide variation between countries. Swedish schools remained open for under-16s throughout the pandemic, whilst Denmark, Germany, and Norway reopened schools after a period of closure. Italy and Spain chose to keep schools closed until autumn last year, whilst schools in Austria, the Czech Republic, and Russia have at times closed. Variability is also seen within the United States at state and county level.
Justifications for these decisions varied, with some officials relying on local test positivity rates and others focusing on numbers of new cases within schools.
Re-opening primary schools in Quebec, Canada, was associated with relatively few new cases, yet opening primary and secondary schools in Israel was associated with several outbreaks and the re-closure of some schools.
The researchers say CRTs are well suited to the rigorous evaluation of public health policies, with key aspects of trial design deserving special attention:
- 1. Running such a study should only be considered when community transmission is under control and the health system has capacity.
2. As the main interest is community transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the study would have to include many municipalities or regions.
3. Entire regions (including all schools within) would be randomized to either remain closed or to re-open.
4. For schools reopening, this would mean operating under precautions, including social distancing, mask wearing, and possibly evening testing. Teachers and children are clinically extremely vulnerable should be allowed to remain at home.
5. For schools remaining closed, the burdens of keeping schools closed require careful consideration, especially for those who are more vulnerable at home.
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For more information, please contact Tony Moran, International Communications Manager, University of Birmingham on +44 (0)782 783 2312 or t.moran@bham.ac.uk. For out-of-hours enquiries, please call +44 (0) 7789 921 165.
Notes to Editors
* The University of Birmingham is ranked amongst the world's top 100 institutions, its work brings people from across the world to Birmingham, including researchers and teachers and more than 6,500 international students from over 150 countries.
* 'Reopening schools safely in the face of COVID-19: Can cluster randomized trials help?' - Charles Weijer, Karla Hemming, Spencer Phillips Hey and Holly Fernandez Lynch is published in Clinical Trials.
Journal
Clinical Trials