image: An example of urbanisation in Edinburgh 1990 to 2015 view more
Credit: CEH
Edinburgh is losing the equivalent of around 15 football pitches of green land each year, much of which is due to private garden areas being paved over or built on, according to a new report.
At the same time however, around a hectare a year of green land is being gained due to regeneration of old industrial areas.
Urban streets can struggle to cope with surface water when gardens and other vegetated areas, which help soak up rain, are built on or paved over. Now, the rate of this change in Edinburgh has been quantified for the first time, in a report commissioned by the Centre of Expertise for Water (CREW)
The independent study, produced by scientists at the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), looked at the two elements of urbanisation:
- Urban creep - Individual, small-scale changes in existing urban settlements, such as building housing extensions, driveways and conservatories, or homes in gardens. This can lead to a large cumulative loss of vegetated garden and increase the risk of surface water flooding
- Urban expansion - The development of new housing or industrial estates being built on farmland or recreational spaces. These developments are subject to rigorous planning policies to ensure they do not increase flood risk.
The CEH scientists developed a method to map urbanisation using aerial photography of Edinburgh from 1990, 2005 and 2015 - resulting in the first high-resolution, city-wide estimates in Scotland. This method could be applied to other cities and towns across Scotland to map urbanisation and assess potential impacts.
Dr Clare Rowland, an earth observation scientist at CEH who led the research, said: "Our study shows that, over the last 25 years, Edinburgh lost an average of 11.3 hectares (ha) of green land each year to urban creep and urban expansion. That's equivalent to about 15 football pitches annually.
"People might assume that most of this loss is from urban expansion, through the construction of new housing and commercial estates. Certainly that accounts for 4.8ha of the annual loss, but urban creep accounts for 6.4ha of vegetation loss each year.
"Homeowners have added car parking spaces, conservatories and driveways, or allowed properties to be built in their gardens - all of which have contributed to the loss of greenery."
The report also identified some positive signs of decreases in urban area. Dr Rowland said in some of Edinburgh's regenerated areas - such as the new 'Quartermile' development on the site of the old Royal Infirmary - there has actually been an urban decrease, meaning there are now gardens or vegetation where there were none previously. Across Edinburgh, this amounts to just over one hectare a year.
Dr James Miller, project manager and hydrologist at CEH, said: "The loss of pervious green land increases the risk of localised surface water flooding, as it creates more runoff that can exceed the drainage capacity. The scale of this increase was unknown, but mapping and quantifying urban creep means we can improve our understanding of where surface water may need improved management."
Bob Ferrier, director of CREW, said: "This innovative and proactive research has raised our awareness of the issue of urban creep and the potential impact on urban flooding. This improves our understanding and preparedness for the consequences of future change."
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The report, Quantifying rates of urban creep in Scotland: results for Edinburgh between 1990, 2005 and 2015, is available to read in full on the CREW website.
NOTES TO EDITORS
Media contact: Sarah McDaid (sarah@mcdaidpr.co.uk/ 07866789688)
Methodology
An image classification method was developed that used machine learning methods. Specifically, Random Forest was used to classify aerial photography into built-up and vegetated classes. The classification method was then applied to aerial photography for 1990, 2005 and 2015 for Edinburgh. Changes in urban area were then identified and categorised as either: urban creep, urban expansion and decreases in urban area, due to regeneration. The urban change data were then combined with data on the age and type of housing to understand which types of housing were most likely to have high rates of urban creep.
The Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH)
The Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) is a centre of excellence for integrated research into land and freshwater ecosystems and their interaction with the atmosphere. CEH is a Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) research institute, part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI). The Centre's independent, impartial science addresses major societal and environmental challenges: how to protect and enhance the environment and the benefits it provides; how to build resilience to environmental hazards; and how to manage environmental change. Its core expertise is in environmental monitoring, measuring and modelling.
CREW is Scotland's Centre of Expertise for Waters
CREW connects research and policy, delivering objective and robust research and expert opinion to support the development and implementation of water policy in Scotland. CREW is a partnership between the James Hutton Institute and all Scottish Higher Education Institutes and Research Institutes. The Centre is funded by the Scottish Government.