image: The mutational spectrum of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) in individuals with achondroplasia. In humans, the mutations associated with achondroplasia patients are mainly located in transmembrane (TM) domain of FGFR3. The extracellular domain is referred to as ECD, while the intracellular domain is referred to as ICD. Heparan sulfate is represented by HS, and immunoglobulin-like domains are represented by I, II, and III. Tyrosine kinase domains are represented by TK. Image link: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2352304224002332-gr1_lrg.jpg
Credit: Genes & Diseases
A recent publication in Genes & Diseases has delivered a compelling synthesis of the latest insights into the cellular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions for achondroplasia, the most common form of genetic dwarfism. This disorder stems primarily from gain-of-function mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene, which exerts widespread effects on skeletal development, leading to disrupted endochondral ossification, reduced chondrocyte proliferation, and abnormal bone formation.
At the core of achondroplasia's pathology lies the hyperactivation of FGFR3, which impairs not only the growth of long bones but also affects cranial, spinal, and vertebral development. The article details how FGFR3 signaling suppresses critical pathways such as Indian hedgehog (IHH) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), and how its activation elevates cell cycle inhibitors, diminishes telomerase activity, and disrupts the cartilaginous extracellular matrix. These effects collectively lead to stunted growth, skeletal deformities, and joint complications.
The review further explores the evolving understanding of FGFR3’s role in osteogenesis, where its influence extends beyond chondrocytes to impact osteoblast differentiation and bone mineralization. FGFR3-positive cells have been identified as pivotal contributors to the formation of articular cartilage, intervertebral discs, and synovial joint structures, suggesting broader implications for skeletal stem cell biology and tissue homeostasis.
On the therapeutic front, the article highlights an expanding landscape of treatment strategies, including biological drugs, small molecule inhibitors, and gene-editing technologies. Emerging therapies aim to inhibit the FGFR3 pathway at various levels. These include monoclonal antibodies, decoy receptors like recifercept, FGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as infigratinib, and RNA aptamers like RBM-007. Additionally, compounds like meclozine and vosoritide target downstream signaling to enhance chondrocyte proliferation and longitudinal bone growth.
Surgical options, including limb lengthening procedures, remain viable but are accompanied by significant risks. Meanwhile, recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy has shown moderate success, particularly when combined with other treatments. Future prospects also include CRISPR-Cas9-mediated correction of FGFR3 mutations and stem cell-based regenerative approaches.
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Reference
Hangang Chen, Ruobin Zhang, Min Jin, Jing Yang, Lin Chen, Yangli Xie, Advances in the mechanism and therapies of achondroplasia, Genes & Diseases, Volume 12, Issue 4, 2025, 101436, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2024.101436
Journal
Genes & Diseases