Plasma arc cutting: PNU and KIMM scientists together decode gas flow dynamics

Plasma arc cutting (PAC) is a thermal cutting technique widely used in manufacturing applications such as shipbuilding, aerospace, fabrication, nuclear plants decommissioning, construction industry, and the automotive industry. In this process, a jet of plasma or ionized gas is ejected at high speeds, which melts and subsequently removes unwanted parts of materials from electrically conductive workpieces such as metals. The plasma jet is typically produced in two steps: pressuring a gas through a small nozzle hole and generating an electric arc via power supply. Remarkably, the introduced arc ionizes the gas coming out of the nozzle, which in turn generates plasma with extremely high temperatures. This enables the plasma jet to easily, quickly, and precisely slice different metals and alloys.

The quality of workpieces cut using PAC depends on various factors: kind of plasma gas and its pressure, nozzle hole shape and size, arc current and voltage, cutting speed, and distance between the plasma torch and the workpiece. While most of these factors are well understood in the context of PAC, the impact of gas flow dynamics on cut quality remains less clearly known. This is mainly due to challenges in visualization of the flow dynamics.

To bridge this knowledge gap, a team of researchers, led by Dr. Upendra Tuladhar, currently based at HD Hyundai Mipo after the completion of his Ph.D. studies under Professor Seokyoung Ahn from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Pusan National University, in collaboration with the Korean Institute of Machinery and Materials, devised novel experimental and computational methods to visualize and understand gas flow dynamics in PAC. Their findings were made available online on 14 September 2024 and published in Volume 159, Part A of the journal International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer on 1 December 2024.

Dr. Tuladhar explains the motivation behind their research. “Our goal was to assess the gas flow behavior inside the kerfs or grooves of various geometries derived from an actual PAC workpiece. The shape of the cutting front in the kerf varies with the changing cutting speed: high speed yields a curved cutting front. This results in unwanted gas flow behavior, which adversely influences the cutting performance. We carried out further analyses to better understand the mechanism behind this observation.”

In this study, the researchers proposed an innovative computational fluid dynamics simulation model to explore the impact of a curved cutting front on flow behavior in PAC. Moreover, they performed Schlieren imaging of the gas flow. Herein, fluid flow is photographed by imaging the deflections of light rays refracted by a moving fluid, enabling the visualization of normally unobservable changes in a fluid's refractive index. Lastly, the team compared the gas flow patterns predicted by the simulations with the Schlieren imaging results.

They found that the cutting front curvature resulted in oblique shockwave structures, which significantly reduced flow velocity. Notably, weak shock structures present at the curved cutting front lowered the velocity gradually. In addition, it was possible to achieve a critical flow velocity in kerf with a highly curved cutting front. The workpiece cannot be penetrated vertically beyond this velocity.

Furthermore, the researchers validated their numerical results by noting that the shear stress lines matched the striation patterns on kerf walls.

“Improved PAC can be used to cut through thick metal components of nuclear reactors, such as pressure vessels, steam generators, and other large structures. Therefore, it can lead to safer and more efficient dismantling of nuclear facilities, reducing the risk of radiation exposure to workers and the surrounding communities and reducing the financial burden on governments and taxpayers. The technique can also be adapted for underwater cutting, providing a safe method for dismantling submerged structures,” concludes Dr. Tuladhar.

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Reference
DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2024.108075

About the institutes
Pusan National University, located in Busan, South Korea, was founded in 1946 and is now the No. 1 national university of South Korea in research and educational competency. The multi-campus university also has other smaller campuses in Yangsan, Miryang, and Ami. The university prides itself on the principles of truth, freedom, and service, and has approximately 30,000 students, 1200 professors, and 750 faculty members. The university is composed of 14 colleges (schools) and one independent division, with 103 departments in all.
Website: https://www.pusan.ac.kr/eng/Main.do

The Korean Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), located in Daejeon, South Korea, was established in 1976 as a government-funded research institute specializing in mechanical engineering and materials science. KIMM plays a key role in advancing industrial technologies through research in areas such as robotics, advanced manufacturing, energy systems, and environmental engineering. The institute collaborates with domestic and international organizations to drive innovation and technological development. KIMM is dedicated to contributing to national and global progress through cutting-edge research and engineering solutions.
Website: https://www.kimm.re.kr

About the author
Dr. Upendra Tuladhar is currently employed at HD Hyundai Mipo following the completion of his Ph.D. studies under Prof. Seokyoung Ahn at Pusan National University. During his postdoctoral period, he served as a guest researcher at the Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, under the guidance of Dr. Dae-Won Cho. Dr. Cho's group is actively engaged in developing and leading research related to thermal source welding and cutting.
Website: https://www.kimm.re.kr/eng/sub020107
ORCID id: 0000-0002-6978-7273