Feb. 12, 2025
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EAST LANSING, Mich. – A comprehensive assessment by researchers, including Rafael Auras from Michigan State University, sought to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of replacing polyethylene, or PE, packaging like bags, films and containers with alternative materials, including paper, glass, aluminum and steel.
The findings reveal that PE packaging can have an average life cycle global warming potential, or GWP, savings of approximately 70% compared to a mix of commonly used packaging materials in the U.S. When comparing plastic packaging and alternative materials based on mineral resource use, fossil energy consumption and water scarcity, plastic packaging was generally found to have lower impacts than the alternatives.
The paper, “Polyethylene packaging and alternative materials in the United States: A life cycle assessment,” was published in the journal Science of the Total Environment. Authored in collaboration with Trayak, Inc. and ExxonMobil, it provides fresh insights into the potential for product elimination or material switching to yield unintended consequences for the environment. Findings were critically reviewed by a panel of independent experts and determined to be in conformance with standards set by the International Organization for Standardization — ISO 14040 and ISO 14044, the international standards for principles, requirements and guidelines for life cycle assessments.
“Life cycle assessments are valuable to understanding the environmental trade-offs associated with product elimination or material switching,” said Trayak’s Elizabeth Avery, the lead author of the paper.
Rafael Auras, co-author and a professor at the Michigan State University School of Packaging, said, “Our results show that in many applications, plastics offer lower assessed potential environmental impacts in terms of global warming potential, mineral resource use, fossil energy consumption and water scarcity. As new and better data emerge, stakeholders and policymakers can make decisions that help deliver more sustainable outcomes across different stages of a product’s life cycle, including disposal and recycling.”
The assessment focused on five major packaging applications: collation shrink films, stretch films for pallet wraps, heavy-duty sacks, nonfood bottles and flexible food pouches. These include examples of packaging used for dog food, shampoo, water bottles, cosmetics and other everyday products. The results have broad implications, as polyethylene packaging accounts for a larger share of the packaging market than any other material.
Among the report’s key findings, researchers explained that PE-based packaging used less fossil resources than alternatives in 14 of 19 product comparisons. In 16 of the 19 packaged product comparisons, PE yielded a lower GWP, water scarcity and mineral resource use.
“Notably, those instances where PE did not have the lowest impact were typically found when comparing with lightweight paper alternatives that incorporated additional materials such as a plastic liner,” Auras said. “These alternatives required the use of multiple materials to meet functional performance requirements, which could involve keeping a product stable or protecting against moisture.”
Life cycle assessment is a powerful tool to compare different materials, especially when considering different packaging applications, Avery said. “Our study examines a wide range of PE packaging applications and provides insights where there has not been a PE-specific study done before. This is valuable because even within a broad material category, individual materials will have their own implications for material, manufacturing and end-of-life phases.”
Researchers anticipate that the findings will inform ongoing policy discussions, including United Nations negotiations on a global treaty aimed at addressing challenges associated with managing plastic waste. Solutions under review range from banning single-use plastics to establishing extended producer responsibility, or EPR, programs to enhance collection, sorting and recycling. Similar EPR schemes, which typically require producers to contribute to collection, sorting and recycling initiatives based on the life cycle impact of their products, are also being implemented in multiple U.S. states, including California, Colorado, Maine, Minnesota and Oregon.
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Journal
Science of The Total Environment