‘Living’ electrodes breathe new life into traditional silicon electronics

Osaka, Japan – High-speed electronic devices that do not use much power are useful for wireless communication. High-speed operation has traditionally been achieved by making devices smaller, but as devices become smaller, fabrication becomes increasingly difficult. Have we reached a dead end?

Not yet! A research team at Osaka University is exploring another way to improve device performance: placing a patterned metal layer, i.e., a structural metamaterial, on top of a traditional substrate, e.g., silicon, to accelerate electron flow. This method is promising, but a challenge is to make the structure of the metamaterial controllable, thereby allowing the properties of the metamaterial to be adjusted based on real-word conditions.

In search of a solution, the research team examined vanadium dioxide (VO₂). When heated appropriately, small areas in a VO₂ layer transform from insulating to metallic. These metallic regions can carry charge, thus behaving as tiny dynamic electrodes. The researchers exploited this behavior to produce ‘living’ microelectrodes that selectively enhanced the response of silicon photodetectors to terahertz light.

“We produced a terahertz photodetector containing VO₂ as a metamaterial,” explains lead author Ai Osaka. “A precise processing method was used to fabricate a high-quality VO₂ layer on a silicon substrate. The size of the metallic domains in the VO₂ layer, tens of times larger than what has been conventionally achieved, was controlled through temperature regulation, which in turn modulated the response of the silicon substrate to terahertz light.”

When the temperature was suitably regulated, the metallic domains in the VO₂ formed a conductive network that controlled the localized electric field in the silicon layer, increasing its sensitivity to terahertz light.

“Heating the photodetector to 56°C led to strong signal enhancement,” adds senior author Azusa Hattori. “We attributed this enhancement to effective coupling between the silicon layer and a dynamic conductive VO₂ microelectrode network at this temperature. That is, the temperature-controlled structure of the VO₂ metamaterial regulated electric field enhancement and thus impact ionization in silicon.”

The temperature-regulated behavior of the ‘living’ VO₂ metallic regions enhanced the response of silicon to terahertz light. These results illustrate the potential of metamaterials to spur the development of advanced electronics that overcome the limitations of traditional materials to meet speed and efficiency requirements.

###
The article “Si−VO₂ Hybrid Materials with Tunable Networks of Submicrometer Metallic VO₂ Domains Provide Enhanced Diode Functionality,”  was published in ACS Applied Electronic Materials at DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.4c01914

About Osaka University
Osaka University was founded in 1931 as one of the seven imperial universities of Japan and is now one of Japan's leading comprehensive universities with a broad disciplinary spectrum. This strength is coupled with a singular drive for innovation that extends throughout the scientific process, from fundamental research to the creation of applied technology with positive economic impacts. Its commitment to innovation has been recognized in Japan and around the world. Now, Osaka University is leveraging its role as a Designated National University Corporation selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology to contribute to innovation for human welfare, sustainable development of society, and social transformation.
Website: https://resou.osaka-u.ac.jp/en