Cooling with light: Exploring optical cooling in semiconductor quantum dots

Cooling systems are an integral part of many modern technologies, as heat tends to wear down materials and decrease performance in several ways. In many cases, however, cooling can be an inconvenient and energy-intensive process. Accordingly, scientists have been seeking innovative and efficient methods to cool substances down.

Solid-state optical cooling is a prominent example that leverages a very unique phenomenon called anti-Stokes (AS) emission. Usually, when materials absorb photons from incoming light, their electrons transition into an “excited” state. Under ideal conditions, as electrons return to their original state, part of this excess energy is released as light, while the rest is converted into heat. In materials that undergo AS emission, electrons interact with crystal lattice vibrations called “phonons” in such a way that the photons emitted are of higher energy than those in the incident light. If AS emission efficiency is close to 100%, these materials could theoretically cool down, rather than heating up, upon exposure to light.

In a recent study published on August 29, 2024, in Volume 24, Issue 36 of Nano Letters, a team of researchers led by Professor Yasuhiro Yamada from the Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan, delved deep into this phenomenon in a promising perovskite-based material structure. This team, which included Takeru Oki from the Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Dr. Kazunobu Kojima from the Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, and Dr. Yoshihiko Kanemitsu from the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, sought to shed light on the optical cooling phenomena in a special arrangement of perovskite quantum dots (extremely small CsPbBr₃ crystals) embedded within a Cs₄PbBr₆ host crystal matrix (indicated as CsPbBr₃/Cs₄PbBr₆ crystal).

“Efforts to achieve optical cooling in semiconductors have encountered several difficulties, primarily due to challenges in reaching nearly 100% emission efficiency, and true cooling has been elusive. Though quantum dots are promising for their high emission efficiency, they are notoriously unstable, and exposure to air and continued illumination degrade their emission efficiency. Thus, we focused on a stable structure known as ‘dots-in-crystals,’ which may overcome these limitations,” explains Yamada.

Using semiconducting quantum dots presents an unsolved problem. When light irradiates a semiconductor, it generates excitons—pairs of electrons and positively charged “holes.” When excitons recombine, they typically emit light. However, at high exciton densities, a process called Auger recombination becomes more prominent, by which energy is released as heat instead of light. In semiconductor quantum dots, irradiation with high-intensity light often leads to heating instead of cooling because of this process.

Thus, the researchers used time-resolved spectroscopy to determine the conditions under which Auger recombination occurred more frequently. These experiments showed that heating was unavoidable even at moderate light intensities, implying that experiments under low-intensity light were required to observe true optical cooling. Unfortunately, at low intensities, optical cooling becomes less effective. Under the best conditions, their sample demonstrated a theoretical cooling limit of approximately 10 K from room temperature.

Another focal point of the study was to make more reliable temperature measurements than in previously reported efforts. To this end, they developed a method to estimate the temperature of samples with high emission efficiency by analyzing the shape of their emission spectrum. True optical cooling was observed in multiple samples, and the researchers noted that a transition from cooling to heating occurred as the excitation light intensity was increased. “Previous reports of optical cooling in semiconductors lacked reliability, primarily due to flaws in temperature estimation. Our study, however, not only established a reliable method, but also defined the potential and limitations of optical cooling through time-resolved spectroscopy, marking a significant achievement in the field,” remarks Yamada.

This study paves the way for future research focused on minimizing Auger recombination to improve the cooling performance of dots-in-crystal arrangements. If optical cooling improves significantly to reach widespread practical use, it could become the foundation of several energy-saving technologies, contributing to global sustainability goals.

About Professor Yasuhiro Yamada from Graduate School of Science, Chiba University

Dr. Yasuhiro Yamada, a leading researcher at the Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan, has made substantial contributions in the fields of materials science, semiconductor physics, and laser spectroscopy. His work focuses on the fundamental optical properties and carrier recombination dynamics of perovskite materials. Through his research, Prof. Yamada has enhanced the scientific community's understanding of exciton dynamics, electron-phonon interactions, and the optical functionalities of perovskite semiconductors. His work has paved the way for advancements in optoelectronics, with practical applications in energy and cooling technologies.