image: Mini mum is one of the smallest frogs in the world, described by Mark D. Scherz and his colleagues in 2019. These tiny frogs from southeastern Madagascar live in amongst the leaf litter and feed on tiny mites. They are amongst the target species of the GEMINI project, because their closest relatives are ten times larger. Photo: Andolalao Rakotoarison
Credit: Andolalao Rakotoarison
Just seven millimetres long, flea toads are among the smallest vertebrates on Earth. Despite their diminutive size, their organs and functions hardly differ from animals a thousand times larger. While examples of extreme miniaturisation abound in nature, just how these creatures get so small remains a scientific mystery. Now, a researcher from the University of Copenhagen has received DKK 11 million (roughly €1.5 m) from the European Research Council to get to the bottom of this phenomenon.
What do flea toads and smartphones have in common? Despite their innards having shrunken to extremes, their organs and components are the same as those found in much larger animals – and computers – yet still able to fit in their small "bodies". With regards to technology, we have long since become accustomed to things shrinking in stride with innovation. Though few consider the ability of animals to miniaturize – for them to get smaller while retaining the same well-functioning organs, senses and behaviour as animals hundreds of times larger – it happens everywhere in nature.
Flea toads, dwarf pygmy goby fish and bumblebee bats are just a few examples of vertebrates that have shrunk through evolution, without losing any of their basic physical characteristics. But what exactly happens in a vertebrate, right down to the genetic level, when evolutionarily, a species miniaturizes? And is there really anything preventing the smallest vertebrates from getting even smaller?
These are some of the questions that Dr. Mark D. Scherz from the Natural History Museum of Denmark will investigate over the next five years with the help of a DKK 11 million grant (roughly €1.5 m) from the European Research Council (ERC).
"Large animals are often the ones to grab our attention. But I think it to be just as fascinating how nature has managed to miniaturize the exact same vital organs and cram them into a less than one-centimetre-long frog. Today, we know surprisingly little about how it all happens, and I want to change that," says Mark D. Scherz.
Natures tech sector
Since its dawn, the tech industry has gradually shrunk the size of transistors in phones and computers to allow room for more of them and higher performance. Similarly, scientists believe that extreme miniaturisation is often associated with innovation and evolution in nature, without fully understanding it.
The new research project, GEMINI (Genomics of Miniaturisation in Vertebrates), is purposed with identifying exactly what happens in the DNA of vertebrates when they shrink. The project will thus develop a kind of genetic template for what happens as animals miniaturise.
"In several independent studies that looked at the genomes of miniaturized animals, a kind of clean-up and innovation takes place, where the genome becomes smaller. A lot of this happens in repetitive bits of the genome that we used to call ‘junk’ DNA. But some of it happens in other genes as well, which is what we need to learn more about," says the researcher.
In fact, it was previously believed that animal populations would constantly trend towards larger sizes as they evolved – the so-called "Cope’s rule". Today, however, it is known that this is not unequivocally true – and with good reason.
“Dyr kan ikke bare blive ved med at vokse sig større og større. På et tidspunkt sætter fysiologien - udveksling af varme, vand og ilt - en grænse, og det samme gør tyngdekraften. Derfor skal der være faser, hvor kropsstørrelsen reduceres, for at der overhovedet kan være en tendens til øget størrelse,” forklarer Mark D. Scherz og tilføjer:
”Vi tror også, at den lille størrelse kan være der, hvor de virkelig store innovationer sker, som vi så ser udbygget, når efterkommerne bliver større igen. Det gør disse miniaturiserede dyr særligt spændende at se på, når vi prøver at finde ud af, hvordan nyskabelser udvikler sig i naturen.”
T-Rex and Moby Dick steal the spotlight
According to Mark D. Scherz, the field of 'miniaturisation' has not been a high priority among scientists for decades. Indeed, some of the most recent groundbreaking results in the field date back to the 1990s. Instead, researchers have focused on large animals.
"Everyone’s attention is on blue whales and elephants. Any child you ask can tell you about the largest land mammal and the largest marine mammal and the largest dinosaur that has ever lived. But scaling up and getting bigger is not a big problem. It is a far more impressive feat to have [practically] everything in a twenty-three-tonne blue whale compressed into a seven-millimetre package," says the researcher.
But now, the researcher speaks of a renewed focus on animal miniaturisation – thanks in part to a number of spectacular recent finds. Earlier this year, researchers in Brazil discovered the world's smallest vertebrate, the flea frog, which measures just seven millimetres.
"We live at a time when probably the smallest vertebrates ever are around us, but they are too easy to overlook, so we just forget about them. This project will allow us to gain a genetic understanding of what controls this 'miniaturisation process' and investigate whether there is something that keeps animals from becoming even smaller," concludes Scherz.
About ERC Starting grants
European Research Council Starting Grants are awarded to promising young research talents two to seven years after they have received their PhDs. Up to EUR 1.5 million will be allocated to ground-breaking research projects over a five-year period. Read more
Mark D. Scherz
Curator of Herpetology, Assistant Professor
Natural History Museum of Denmark
University of Copenhagen
+45 35 32 46 55
mark.scherz@snm.ku.dk
Michael Skov Jensen
Journalist and team coordinator
The Faculty of Science
University of Copenhagen
+ 45 93 56 58 97
msj@science.ku.dk
Credit: Mark D. Scherz, 2024