image: Dr. Matt Lyon
Credit: Michael Holahan, Augusta University
Physicians at the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University are working with Polaris Dawn, the first of the Polaris Program’s three human spaceflight missions, to better understand the eye changes many astronauts experience during spaceflight that can leave them with a wide range of symptoms once they return to Earth — from a new need for glasses to significant loss of vision. The Polaris Program is a first-of-its-kind effort to rapidly advance human spaceflight capabilities while continuing to raise funds and awareness for important causes on Earth.
More than 70% of astronauts experience a phenomenon known as Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome, or SANS, according to NASA. The syndrome can have “a constellation of symptoms, including these changes in vision,” said Matt Lyon, MD, director of the MCG Center for Telehealth. Astronauts can experience other maladies as well when body fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid, shift, which can lead to structural changes in the brain.
“The changes start happening on day one,” said Lyon, who also is the J. Harold Harrison M.D. Distinguished Chair in Telehealth. “We are not entirely sure what causes these issues with vision, but we suspect it has to do with a shift in cerebrospinal fluid in the optic nerve sheath. On Earth, gravity pushes that fluid down and it drains out, but in space, it floats up and presses against the optic nerve and retina.”
With the help of portable, handheld ultrasound machines, Lyon and his team hope to not only figure out the mechanism behind the changes, but also be able to predict which astronauts will be most likely to experience them.
MCG patented the concept of using portable ultrasound to rapidly visualize damage from pressure and fluid changes in the optic nerve sheath, the layers of protective membranes around the nerve. Lyon is investigating how this part of the brain is affected by elevated cranial pressure and mild traumatic brain injuries. When the brain is injured, like many other organs, it swells and fills with fluid.
Researchers worked with URSUS Medical Designs LLC, a Pennsylvania-based biotech company with expertise in ultrasound, to build a 3-D ultrasound machine that could help. A one-year $350,000 Small Business Innovation Research grant from the National Institutes of Health funded the project to build a device that added another dimension to 2-D transducers.
Lyon and the MCG research team are now using those ultrasound machines to screen astronauts and determine who among them may already have these incompetent or damaged optic nerve sheaths. They suspect that those are the ones who will be more susceptible to the vision changes associated with SANS.
“We discovered that when the cerebral spinal pressure goes up with mild traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), there is resulting damage to the sheath that is likely lifelong,” he explained. “We think that when astronauts who have experienced concussions or mild TBIs go into space and experience the low-gravity fluid shifts, the sheath dilates from the increase in volume. It is like a tire — a normal tire remains its normal shape as it is filled with air, and the shape doesn’t change. When it’s damaged, like bulges on the side of a tire, the fluid fills the bulges up and the sheath expands. This can cause pressure on the nerve and retina. A damaged sheath is less of a problem on Earth, but in space, the excess fluid has nowhere to go.”
The researchers don’t yet know if the vision changes are caused by the sheer volume of fluid, by the associated pressure, or both. They are training Polaris Dawn crewmembers to use these ultrasound machines to measure both fluid and pressure in real time during spaceflight.
"If it’s just volume, we suspect the cerebrospinal fluid goes up, fills this floppy bag and gets stuck. It’s almost like not flushing your toilets. You’re creating this toxic environment, because the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is what carries toxins away from your eyes and nerves, and instead the toxins sit against the optic nerve, killing it,” Lyon said. “But it could be that combined with the increased pressure that comes with increased CSF, which would be like getting intermittent hypertension in your eye.”
Next steps could include working to develop and fine tune countermeasures that would decrease fluid volumes in the head during spaceflight. For example, the U.S. space program and their international space partners use a vacuum-pant device, called lower- body negative pressure, that pulls blood and other fluids down in the body.
This experiment will be part of an extensive suite of science and research performed throughout the mission. Polaris Dawn will collaborate with 23 institutions, including MCG, on the selected experiments. Other participating institutions include the Translational Research Institute for Space Health (TRISH); University of Texas, Houston; University of Colorado, Boulder; Baylor College of Medicine; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; and the U.S. Air Force Academy.