There is mathematical proof in the pudding

Kyoto, Japan -- In blockchain development, there is a rule of thumb that only two of scalability, security, and decentralization are valid simultaneously. However, the mathematical expression of that rule was still a work in progress.

Now, a team of researchers at Kyoto University has discovered a mathematical expression for the blockchain trilemma. In the formula for Proof of Work-based blockchains, including Bitcoin, the product of the three terms—scalability, security, and decentralization—is 1. 

"By observing the trilemma formula, we can see ways to improve scalability without sacrificing security or decentralization," says team leader Kazuyuki Shudo of KyotoU's Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies.

Two such ways include: 

1) reducing the size of a block or a set of transactions 

2) sending and receiving blocks faster

Analyzing existing methods may also improve scalability. For example, Bitcoin's Compact Block Relay reduces the size of transactions in a block.

Also, increasing one of the terms decreases the others, resulting in the blockchain not achieving all three simultaneously. 

The ambiguous trilemma claim by Vitalik Buterin, a co-founder of the public blockchain platform Ethereum, has generated various interpretations. Many developers have advanced their ideas for solving the trilemma but have yet to demonstrate proof. 

"Many have also proposed scalability improvement techniques, but the extent to which they sacrificed security and decentralization remained unclear," notes Shudo.

In a previous study on blockchain security, the team found another formula that strictly represents a security index F, that is, the fork occurrence probability. They noticed that not only security but also scalability—transactions per second—appear in the formula. The inspiration led the team to yield the trilemma formula by transforming the previous security formula.

Adjusting the time taken for communication over the Internet, P affects the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index -- or HHI -- of block-generating hash rates, which refers to the block-constructing power. The HHI represents the industry's market decentralization for select companies. 

"Ethereum’s switch to Proof of Stake suggests its increased importance although we have highlighted Proof of Work adopted by Bitcoin. Now we are working on formulas for it,” concludes Taishi Nakai, also of KyotoU's Graduate School of Informatics.

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The paper "A Formulation of the Trilemma in Proof of Work Blockchain" appeared on 5 June 2024 in IEEE Access, with doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3410025

About Kyoto University
Kyoto University is one of Japan and Asia's premier research institutions, founded in 1897 and responsible for producing numerous Nobel laureates and winners of other prestigious international prizes. A broad curriculum across the arts and sciences at undergraduate and graduate levels complements several research centers, facilities, and offices around Japan and the world. For more information, please see: http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en