image: The morphological and genomic landscape of Panax ginseng. A Overview of the morphological characteristics of P. ginseng. B Genomic features of P. ginseng: circos plot from the outer to the inner circle represents chromosome-scale pseudochromosomes, blue circles indicate telomeres, green circles indicate centromeres (I), Copia density (II), Gypsy density (III), TE density (IV), gene density (V), GC content (VI), gene collinearity connected by curved lines (VII).
Credit: Horticulture Research
A landmark study has successfully decoded the complete ginseng genome, unveiling the genetic mechanisms that govern saponin biosynthesis. This detailed genetic map illuminates the evolutionary and metabolic pathways of Panax ginseng, a staple in traditional medicine. This pivotal discovery promises to drive forward breeding initiatives and augment the plant's medicinal qualities, unlocking new possibilities for therapeutic applications.
Ginseng's role in traditional medicine is underscored by its complex genetic structure due to its allotetraploid nature. The study delves into this complexity, revealing key evolutionary insights into its subgenomes that govern saponin biosynthesis—the primary active compounds in ginseng. This necessitates deeper genetic research to fully harness ginseng's medicinal potential.
Led by Nanjing Agricultural University, this study (DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae107) was published in the April 2024 edition of Horticulture Research. It meticulously constructed a complete 3.45 Gb genome of Panax ginseng, identifying 77,266 protein-coding genes and focusing on the pathways and biosynthesis of ginsenosides—crucial for the plant’s medicinal properties. This work significantly enhances our understanding of ginseng’s biological complexities and its therapeutic potentials.
Researchers in this study have intricately mapped ginseng's genome, identifying asymmetrical gene loss and biased gene expression across its subgenomes, dating their divergence to about 6.07 million years ago. The analysis highlights extensive gene family expansions linked to saponin biosynthesis and underscores the importance of specific gene duplications in enhancing these pathways. Comparative genomic analysis with related species provides further insight into the evolutionary tactics ginseng employs to optimize its medicinal benefits. This research not only deepens our comprehension of the ginseng genome but also establishes a crucial resource for future genetic research and the development of enhanced breeding programs.
Dr. Wei Li, the study's lead researcher, states, "This complete assembly of the ginseng genome is a monumental achievement in botanical research. It not only broadens our understanding of the genetic intricacies of medicinal plants but also introduces refined methods for cultivating ginseng varieties with superior health properties."
The comprehensive decoding of the ginseng genome sets the stage for precise breeding techniques aimed at boosting its medicinal efficacy. This research not only has immediate applications for enhancing ginseng cultivation but also serves as a model for investigating other medicinal plants, potentially revolutionizing pharmacology and crop enhancement strategies with natural products.
###
References
DOI
Original Source URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhae107
Funding information
This work is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (grant nos 2020YFA0907900 and 2022YFD1700200), Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (AGIS-ZLXM202204), Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province (20210509022RQ).
About Horticulture Research
Horticulture Research is an open access journal of Nanjing Agricultural University and ranked number one in the Horticulture category of the Journal Citation Reports ™ from Clarivate, 2022. The journal is committed to publishing original research articles, reviews, perspectives, comments, correspondence articles and letters to the editor related to all major horticultural plants and disciplines, including biotechnology, breeding, cellular and molecular biology, evolution, genetics, inter-species interactions, physiology, and the origination and domestication of crops.
Journal
Horticulture Research
Subject of Research
Not applicable
Article Title
Telomere-to-telomere reference genome for Panax ginseng highlights the evolution of saponin biosynthesis
Article Publication Date
9-Apr-2024
COI Statement
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.