Threefold improvement of solid oxide fuel cell in 4 minutes

Dr. Yoonseok Choi from the Hydrogen Convergence Materials Laboratory at the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), in collaboration with Professor WooChul Jung from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at KAIST and Professor Beom-Kyung Park from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Pusan National University, has successfully developed a catalyst coating technology that significantly improves the performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) in just 4 minutes.

Fuel cells are gaining attention as highly efficient and clean energy devices driving the hydrogen economy. Among them, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which have the highest power generation efficiency, can use various fuels such as hydrogen, biogas, and natural gas. They also allow for combined heat and power generation by utilizing the heat generated during the process, making them a subject of active research and development.
^{*Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC): A type of fuel cell in which both the electrodes and the electrolyte are solid materials, operating at high temperatures above 700 degrees Celsius.}

The performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is largely determined by the kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurring at the air electrode (cathode). The reaction rate at the air electrode is slower than that of the fuel electrode (anode), thus limiting the overall reaction rate. To overcome this sluggish kinetics, researchers are developing new air electrode materials with high ORR activity. However, these new materials generally still lack chemical stability, requiring ongoing research.

Instead, the research team focused on enhancing the performance of the LSM-YSZ composite electrode, a material widely used in industry due to its excellent stability. As a result, they developed a coating process for applying nanoscale praseodymium oxide (PrOx) catalysts on the surface of the composite electrode, which actively promotes the oxygen reduction reaction. By applying this coating process, they significantly improved the performance of solid oxide fuel cells.
^{*LSM-YSZ composite electrode: Composed of electrically conductive perovskite LSM (Lanthanum Strontium Manganite) and oxygen ion conductive electrolyte YSZ (Yttria Stabilized Zirconia), this material is traditionally and widely used in the industry as an air electrode due to its excellent thermal and chemical compatibility.}

The research team introduced an electrochemical deposition method that operates at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, requiring no complex equipment or processes. By immersing the composite electrode in a solution containing praseodymium (Pr) ions and applying an electric current, hydroxide ions (OH-) generated at the electrode surface react with praseodymium ions, forming a precipitate that uniformly coats the electrode. This coating layer undergoes a drying process, transforming into an oxide that remains stable and effectively promotes the oxygen reduction reaction of the electrode in high-temperature environments. The entire coating process takes only 4 minutes.
^{*Cathodic Electrochemical Deposition (CELD): A method that uses electrochemical reactions to deposit metals or metal compounds onto the surface of an electrode.}

Additionally, the research team elucidated the mechanism by which the coated nano-catalyst promotes surface oxygen exchange and ionic conduction. They provided fundamental evidence that the catalyst coating method can address the low reaction rate of the composite electrode.

By operating the developed catalyst-coated composite electrode and the conventional composite electrode for over 400 hours, the team observed that the polarization resistance was reduced tenfold. Additionally, the SOFC using this coated electrode exhibited a peak power density three times higher (142 mW/cm² → 418 mW/cm²) than that of uncoated case, at 650 degrees Celsius. This represents the highest performance reported for SOFCs using LSM-YSZ composite electrodes in literature.

Dr. Yoonseok Choi, co-corresponding author, stated, "The electrochemical deposition technique we developed is a post process that does not significantly impact the existing manufacturing process of SOFCs. This makes it economically viable for introducing oxide nano-catalysts, enhancing its industrial applicability." He added, "We have secured a core technology that can be applied not only to SOFCs but also to various energy conversion devices, such as high-temperature electrolysis (SOEC) for hydrogen production."

The research findings were published in Advanced Materials (Impact Factor 29.4, within the top 3% in the field of nanoscience), a world-renowned journal in materials science. The study was conducted with support from the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy's Core Technology Development Program for New and Renewable Energy and the Ministry of Science and ICT's Individual Basic Research Program.