Photonic chip integrates sensing and computing for ultrafast machine vision

WASHINGTON — Researchers have demonstrated a new intelligent photonic sensing-computing chip that can process, transmit and reconstruct images of a scene within nanoseconds. This advance opens the door to extremely high-speed image processing that could benefit edge intelligence for machine vision applications such as autonomous driving, industrial inspection and robotic vision.

Edge computing, which performs intensive computing tasks like image processing and analysis on local devices, is evolving into edge intelligence by adding artificial intelligence (AI) driven analysis and decision-making.

“Capturing, processing and analyzing images for edge-based tasks such as autonomous driving is currently limited to millisecond-level speeds due to the necessity of optical-to-electronic conversions,” said research team leader Lu Fang from Tsinghua University in China. “Our new chip can perform all these processes in just nanoseconds by keeping them all in the optical domain. This could be used to significantly enhance, or even replace, the traditional architecture of sensor acquisition followed by AI post-processing.”

In Optica, Optica Publishing Group’s journal for high-impact research, the researchers describe the new chip, which they call an optical parallel computational array (OPCA) chip. They show that the OPCA has a processing bandwidth of up to one hundred billion pixels and a response time of just 6 nanoseconds, which is about six orders of magnitude faster than current methods. They also used the chip to create an optical neural network that integrates image perception, computation and reconstruction.

“The chip and optical neural network could boost the efficiency of processing complex scenes in industrial inspection and help advance intelligent robot technology to a higher level of cognitive intelligence,” said Wei Wu, co-first author of the paper. “We think it could also revolutionize edge intelligence.”

Eliminating optical to electrical conversions

Machine vision — which uses cameras, image sensors, lighting and computer algorithms to capture, process and analyze images for specific tasks — traditionally involves converting optical information into digital electrical signals using sensors. These signals are then transmitted over optical fibers for long-distance data transmission and downstream tasks. However, the frequent conversion between optical and electrical signals along with limited advancements in electronic processors has become a major restriction on improving the speed and processing capacity of machine vision.

“The world is entering an AI era, but AI is very time- and energy-exhaustive,” said Fang. “Meanwhile, the growth of edge devices, such as smartphones, intelligent cars and laptops has resulted in explosive growth of image data to be processed, transmitted and displayed. We are working to advance machine vision by integrating sensing and computing in the optical domain, which is particularly important for edge computing and for enabling more sustainable AI applications.”

The challenge in performing both image acquisition and analysis on the same chip in the optical domain is finding a way to convert the free-space spatial light used for imaging into an on-chip guided light wave. The researchers achieved this by designing a chip that consists of a sensing-computing array of dedicated designed ring resonators that convert a free-space optical intensity image — a 2D representation of a scene’s light intensity — into a coherent light signal that can then be guided on the chip. A micro-lens array enhances the process by focusing the scene onto the OPCA chip.

Creating an all-optical input-output connection

The chip’s architecture allowed the researchers to create an end-to-end multi-wavelength optical neural network to couple the on-chip modulated light into a large-bandwidth optical waveguide, where the modulated light is added together spectrally. The multispectral optical outputs can then be used for classification tasks or to create an all-optical reconstruction of the image.

“Because each sensing-computing element of this chip is reconfigurable, they can each operate as a programmable neuron that generates light modulation output based on the input and weight,” said Fang. “The neural network connects all the sensing-computing neurons with a single waveguide, facilitating an all-optical full connection between the input information and the output.”

To demonstrate the capabilities of the OPCA chip, the researchers showed that it could be used to classify a handwritten image and to perform image convolution, a process that applies a filter to an image to extract features. The findings showed that the chip architecture can effectively complete information compression and scene reconstruction, indicating its potential for widespread applications.

The researchers are now working to improve the sensing-computing OPCA chip to further enhance computational performance while also being aligned more closely with real-world scenarios and optimized for edge computing applications. The researchers say that for practical use, the optical neural network's processing capacity would need to be increased to effectively handle increasingly complex and realistic intelligent tasks. The form factor of the OPCA chip and overall form factor also need to be minimized.

“We hope that machine vision will be gradually improved to be faster and more energy-efficient by using light to perform both sensing and computing,” said Fang. “Even though today’s approach will not likely be completely replaced, we expect the sensing-computing method to find its niche in edge computing where it can drive a wide range of promising applications.”

Paper: W. Wu, T. Zhou, L. Fang, “Parallel photonic chip for nano-second end-to-end image processing, transmission, and reconstruction,”11, 6 (2024).

DOI: 10.1364/OPTICA.516241.

About Optica

Optica is an open-access journal dedicated to the rapid dissemination of high-impact peer-reviewed research across the entire spectrum of optics and photonics. Published monthly by Optica Publishing Group, the Journal provides a forum for pioneering research to be swiftly accessed by the international community, whether that research is theoretical or experimental, fundamental or applied. Optica maintains a distinguished editorial board of more than 60 associate editors from around the world and is overseen by Editor-in-Chief Prem Kumar, Northwestern University, USA. For more information, visit Optica.

About Optica Publishing Group 

Optica Publishing Group is a division of Optica, Advancing Optics and Photonics Worldwide. It publishes the largest collection of peer-reviewed content in optics and photonics, including 18 prestigious journals, the society’s flagship member magazine, and papers from more than 835 conferences, including 6,500+ associated videos. With over 400,000 journal articles, conference papers and videos to search, discover and access, Optica Publishing Group represents the full range of research in the field from around the globe.