Despite protection urban hawks still face an array of threats

Life can be hard for a raptor. If you’re a teenager from the city, it’s even harder. That’s according to a new study published in the Journal of Raptor Research titled “Causes of Death of Female Cooper’s Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) from an Urban Setting in New Mexico, USA,” conducted by Brian A. Millsap and his colleagues at the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Over the course of 11 years, his research team affixed GPS transmitters to 158 female Cooper’s hawks in the Albuquerque area. Of those, 88 died and were found, allowing the researchers to investigate cause of death. The results were sobering — collisions with windows and other human-made objects accounted for a high percentage of deaths. Even more disturbing was the discovery that humans purposefully killed 8 tagged birds, some of which were bludgeoned to death. Although raptors are protected in the U.S with legislation such as the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, this is the third recent study verifying that human persecution is a recurring issue for these important top predators.

Most information on causes of death for raptors comes from opportunistic band recoveries, rehabilitation centers and wildlife health labs. These sources, while helpful, are biased because they only provide details on cause of death for raptors that are found and reported or delivered. An intentionally shot hawk is less likely to be brought to a center than a hawk that is accidently hit by a car. Transmitter-tagged birds, however, do provide an unbiased source of information because cause of death does not impact discovery of death.

Using transmitters, Millsap and his colleagues assessed causes of death for two age classes of Cooper’s hawk: first-year birds, and after-first-year birds. They also assessed whether hawks were more vulnerable during certain times of year. Mortality rates were high for first-year hawks during their first four months of independence, likely because it takes time to hunt successfully, avoid anthropogenic threats, and stand up to same-species challengers. This was evidenced by the fact that during the study, survival rates for birds that made it through their first year went up by 55%.

During the pre-breeding season, disputes over territory or mates was the leading cause of death for both age classes. Of the anthropogenic causes of death, collisions ranked first — 52 hawks died either from collision with a fence, electrical distribution line, window, vehicle, electrocution, or entrapment in the ductwork of buildings. The second most prevalent cause of death was direct killing by humans. “The amount of human persecution that we observed was surprising,” says Millsap. “I, like many others, had been falsely thinking that the days of rampant hawk shooting the U.S were behind us, but we are learning that is not the case.”

Of note, many recovered hawks showed high levels of rodenticides, illustrating the importance of education surrounding use of these poisons in urban settings. Rodenticides don’t only affect targeted rodents; they bioaccumulate, moving up the food chain and concentrating at high levels in the bodies of top predators like Cooper’s hawks.

On a more optimistic note, Millsap says this study received ample support from locals. “Almost everyone we interact with, from homeowners, police, city employees, and birdwatchers, have been extremely interested in our work and anxious to learn more about the Cooper’s hawks that make their home in Albuquerque. The nearly universal access and support we have received has been crucial to the success of our study.”

Future work will include a similar tracking study for male Cooper’s hawks, to investigate potential differences in mortality factors between sexes. 

Raptors are bioindicators, meaning they serve as proxies for habitat health. As top predators, they also play a key part in supporting healthy ecosystem functioning. Understanding factors that impact their survival is crucial to tracking population growth and proactively supporting raptor populations. The continuation of this study and the associated interest of the public will hopefully help ensure that healthy Cooper’s hawks build nests in backyards across Albuquerque for years to come.

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Paper

Brian A. Millsap, Kristin K. Madden, and Robert K. Murphy "Causes of Death of Female Cooper's Hawks from an Urban Setting in New Mexico, USA," Journal of Raptor Research 58(1), 1-14, (19 February 2024). https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-23-00022

Notes to Editor:

1. The Journal of Raptor Research (JRR) is an international scientific journal dedicated entirely

to the dissemination of information about birds of prey. Established in 1967, JRR has published

peer-reviewed research on raptor ecology, behavior, life history, conservation, and techniques.

JRR is available quarterly to members in electronic and paper format.

2. The Raptor Research Foundation (RRF) is the world’s largest professional society for raptor

researchers and conservationists. Founded in 1966 as a non-profit organization, our primary

goal is the accumulation and dissemination of scientific information about raptors. The

Foundation organizes annual scientific conferences and provides competitive grants & awards

for student researchers & conservationists. The Foundation also provides support & networking

opportunities for students & early career raptor researchers.