image: Evan Lipson, M.D.
Credit: Johns Hopkins Medicine
People who have had a kidney transplant are at high risk for developing skin cancers. New research directed by investigators from the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center is exploring the best combination of treatments to target skin cancers while preserving the transplanted organs.
Now, they report results from a clinical trial testing a novel drug combination designed to stimulate the immune system to fight advanced, potentially lethal skin cancers while not permanently damaging patients’ transplanted kidneys. The treatment included two immune-suppressing drugs to protect the transplanted kidney and either one or two cancer-fighting therapies known as checkpoint inhibitors, which activate the immune system to destroy cancer cells.
In a multicenter phase I/II study of eight patients, every patient experienced disease progression while taking both immune-suppressing drugs and one checkpoint inhibitor. However, after adding a second checkpoint inhibitor to the regimen, two of six patients experienced a complete response, meaning their tumors fully regressed. These results, published Jan. 22 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, have led to the initiation of a follow-up study to test a different combination of immune-based therapies in this patient population.
“To our knowledge, this study is the first to prospectively test whether low-dose tacrolimus (a drug used to prevent organ rejection) and prednisone can preserve a patient’s transplanted kidney while also allowing immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated tumor regression in kidney transplant recipients with advanced skin cancers,” says senior author and principal investigator Evan Lipson, M.D., an associate professor of oncology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Kimmel Cancer Center. “These results provide important insights into the effects of this combination of therapies on the immune system, and help us better understand how to monitor the health of the transplanted organ as patients receive these medicines.”
Organ transplant recipients develop skin cancers at an exponentially higher rate compared with the general population because they receive long-term immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ. This can “lull” the immune system into not recognizing and attacking cancers as they form, says Lipson.
“This is a huge unmet medical need because these skin cancers are painful, disfiguring, aggressive and frequently lethal, especially in this patient population,” he says. “Ideally, we want to help a patient’s immune system wake up enough to attack those cancers but not be so activated that it begins rejecting the transplanted organ.”
The Experimental Therapeutics Clinical Trials Network (ETCTN) trial included eight patients with advanced melanoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma or Merkel cell carcinoma who had previously received standard, nonimmune-based therapies or were ineligible for them. All participants had previously received a kidney transplant and had adequate kidney function when they enrolled in the study. The average time from kidney transplantation to trial initiation was 13 years. All patients agreed to undergo dialysis in the event of kidney failure caused by the treatment regimen. The ETCTN is a National Cancer Institute-funded network created to evaluate innovative cancer therapies through national, cooperative early-phase clinical trials.
Participants received a standard immunosuppressive regimen of low-dose tacrolimus and prednisone. After investigators confirmed that kidney function was stable on the regimen, they added the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab, which inhibits the PD-1 protein and is FDA-approved for treating patients with melanoma and other types of cancer. All eight patients experienced progressive disease. Investigators then added a second checkpoint inhibitor, the CTLA-4 inhibitor ipilimumab, to the existing three-drug regimen in six patients.
Investigators performed tumor biopsies to assess immune response before and after receiving nivolumab. All but one initial tumor biopsy showed a near-complete absence of infiltrating immune cells, indicating that patients’ immune systems were essentially inactive against the cancer. Of five biopsies taken while patients were receiving nivolumab, two showed moderate immune infiltrates, indicating that the immune system had begun to attack the skin cancer. Both of these patients later had a complete response when investigators added ipilimumab to the nivolumab.
The researchers also measured donor-derived cell-free DNA levels every two weeks to study feasibility as a potential predictor of graft rejection. Donor-derived cell-free DNA is a quantitative, blood-based marker of graft rejection used to monitor graft health in the non-oncology post-transplant setting, but its utility in the oncology setting with kidney transplant recipients is largely unknown.
The study did not meet its primary composite endpoint of partial or complete tumor response or stable disease without graft loss after 16 weeks. Three patients experienced treatment-related graft loss at different points during the trial.
Nonetheless, Lipson considers the trial an important step forward. “The immune suppression we chose prevented nivolumab (anti-PD-1) from working at full effectiveness but didn’t fully protect the kidney either,” he said. “We also learned that the immune system really started attacking cancer only when we added the second checkpoint inhibitor.”
Another important finding, in two of the three patients whose transplanted kidneys were damaged because of the trial medications, was that donor-derived cell-free DNA levels increased 10 and 15 days before increases in serum creatinine, a measure of kidney health. “Going forward, this knowledge may help us intervene earlier and better preserve the transplanted organ, a precious resource,” Lipson said.
The study team has already begun work on a follow-up trial that will pair prednisone with the immunosuppressive drug sirolimus in addition to the two immune checkpoint inhibitors, nivolumab and ipilimumab, given concurrently. “The completed study introduced two checkpoint inhibitors sequentially because we didn’t want to risk overstimulating the patient’s immune system and harm the transplanted organ,” Lipson said. “But some cutaneous tumors grow so quickly we can’t wait to give a second immunotherapy drug months after starting a first.”
This study grew out of Lipson’s pioneering work a decade ago, in which he was the first author on a pair of case reports, also published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, of organ transplant recipients being treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors for metastatic melanoma.
Additional study co-authors were Kara M. Schenk, Julie Stein, Megan D. Schollenberger, William H. Sharfman, Kristin P. Bibee, Jeffrey F. Scott, Manisha J. Loss, Hao Wang, Janis M. Taube, Suzanne L. Topalian, Serena M. Bagnasco and Daniel C. Brennan of Johns Hopkins. Other researchers contributing to the work were from Bozeman Health Deaconess Cancer Center in Bozeman, Montana; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University in Chicago; UPMC (University of Pittsburgh) Hillman Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago; Clinical Skin Center of Northern Virginia, Fairfax, Virginia; and the National Cancer Institute, Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program.
The work was supported in part by the National Cancer Institute (grant UM1 CA186691), the Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, the Marilyn and Michael Glosserman Fund for Basal Cell Carcinoma and Melanoma Research, the Mary Jo & Brian C. Rogers Fund, Moving for Melanoma of Delaware, the Barney Family Foundation, the Laverna Hahn Charitable Trust, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and the Raymond and Melody Ranelli Fund.
Journal
Journal of Clinical Oncology