image: An artist's concept of the frequency microcomb developed by Caltech's Kerry Vahala and his collaborators.
Credit: Yuan, Bowers, Vahala, et al.
When we last checked in with Caltech's Kerry Vahala three years ago, his lab had recently reported the development of a new optical device called a turnkey frequency microcomb that has applications in digital communications, precision time keeping, spectroscopy, and even astronomy.
This device, fabricated on a silicon wafer, takes input laser light of one frequency and converts it into an evenly spaced set of many distinct frequencies that form a train of pulses whose length can be as short as 100 femtoseconds (quadrillionths of a second). (The comb in the name comes from the frequencies being spaced like the teeth of a hair comb.)
Now Vahala (BS '80, MS '81, PhD '85), Caltech's Ted and Ginger Jenkins Professor of Information Science and Technology and Applied Physics and executive officer for applied physics and materials science, along with members of his research group and the group of John Bowers at UC Santa Barbara, have made a breakthrough in the way the short pulses form in an important new material called ultra-low-loss silicon nitride (ULL nitride), a compound formed of silicon and nitrogen. The silicon nitride is prepared to be extremely pure and deposited in a thin film.
In principle, short-pulse microcomb devices made from this material would require very low power to operate. Unfortunately, short light pulses (called solitons) cannot be properly generated in this material because of a property called dispersion, which causes light or other electromagnetic waves to travel at different speeds, depending on their frequency. ULL has what is known as normal dispersion, and this prevents waveguides made of ULL nitride from supporting the short pulses necessary for microcomb operation.
In a paper appearing in Nature Photonics, the researchers discuss their development of the new microcomb, which overcomes the inherent optical limitations of ULL nitride by generating pulses in pairs. This is a significant development because ULL nitride is created with the same technology used for manufacturing computer chips. This kind of manufacturing technique means that these microcombs could one day be integrated into a wide variety of handheld devices similar in form to smartphones.
The most distinctive feature of an ordinary microcomb is a small optical loop that looks a bit like a tiny racetrack. During operation, the solitons automatically form and circulate around it.
"However, when this loop is made of ULL nitride, the dispersion destabilizes the soliton pulses," says co-author Zhiquan Yuan (MS '21), a graduate student in applied physics.
Imagine the loop as a racetrack with cars. If some cars travel faster and some travel slower, then they will spread out as they circle the track instead of staying as a tight pack. Similarly, the normal dispersion of ULL means light pulses spread out in the microcomb waveguides, and the microcomb ceases to work.
The solution devised by the team was to create multiple racetracks, pairing them up so they look a bit like a figure eight. In the middle of that '8,' the two tracks run parallel to each other with only a tiny gap between.
If we continue with the racetrack analogy, this would be like two tracks sharing one straightaway. As the cars from each track converge on that shared section, they encounter something like a traffic jam. Just like two lanes of traffic merging into one on a freeway forces cars to slow down, the conjoined section of the two microcombs forces the paired laser pulses to bunch up. This bunching up counteracts the pulses' tendency to spread out and allows the microcombs to work properly.
"In effect, this counteracts the normal dispersion and gives the overall composite system the equivalent of anomalous dispersion," says graduate student and co-author Maodong Gao (MS '22).
The idea extends when one adds even more racetracks, and the team has shown how three racetracks will also operate by creating two sets of pulse pairs. Vahala believes the phenomenon will continue to work even with many coupled racetracks (microcombs), thereby offering a way to create large photonic circuit arrays for the soliton pulses.
As noted above, these ULL microcombs are fabricated with the same equipment used to make computer chips based on complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Bowers, a professor of electrical and computer engineering, collaborated on the research and notes that "The manufacturing scalability of the CMOS process means that it will now be easier and more economical to manufacture the short-pulse microcombs and integrate them into existing technologies and applications."
Concerning these applications, Vahala says "a comb is like a Swiss army knife for optics. It has many different functions, and that's why it's such a powerful tool."
The paper describing the research, "Soliton pulse pairs at multiple colours in normal dispersion microresonators," appears in the November issue of Nature Photonics. In addition to Vahala, Yuan, and Gao, other co-authors are applied physics graduate student Yan Yu; Heming Wang (MS/PhD '21), formerly of Caltech and now at Stanford University; Warren Jin of UC Santa Barbara and Anello Photonics; Qing-Xin Ji (MS '22); Avi Feshali and Mario Paniccia of Anello Photonics.
Funding for the research was provided by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency Joint Science and Technology Office for Chemical and Biological Defense, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research.
Journal
Nature Photonics