New research sheds light on early galaxy formation

Researchers have developed a new computer simulation of the early universe that closely aligns with observations made by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).

Initial JWST observations hinted that something may be amiss in our understanding of early galaxy formation. The first galaxies studied by JWST appeared to be brighter and more massive than theoretical expectations. 

The findings, published in The Open Journal of Astrophysics, by researchers at Maynooth University, Ireland, with collaborators from US based Georgia Institute of Technology, show that observations made by JWST do not contradict theoretical expectations. The so-called ‘Renaissance simulations’ used by the team are a series of highly sophisticated computer simulations of galaxy formation in the early Universe.

The simulation can resolve very small dark matter clumps and can track these clumps as they coagulate and build up as dark matter halos which then host the types of galaxies that we observe. The simulations can also model the formation of the very first stars that form in our Universe - Population III stars - which are expected to be much more massive and brighter than present-day stars. 

The simulations used by the MU team showed that these galaxies are consistent with the models that dictate the physics of the cosmological simulations.

Speaking about the findings, lead author Joe M. McCaffrey, PhD student at Maynooth’s Department of Theoretical Physics, said: “We have shown that these simulations are crucial in understanding our origin in the Universe. In future, we hope to use these same simulations to investigate the growth of massive black holes in the early Universe.”

Commenting on the research and future direction of his research team, Dr John Regan, Associate Professor at Maynooth’s Department of Theoretical Physics, said: “The JWST has revolutionised our understanding of the early Universe. Using its incredible power we are now able to glimpse the Universe as it was only a few hundred million years after the Big Bang - a time when the Universe was less than 1% of its current age. What JWST is showing us is that the young Universe was bursting with massive star formation and an evolving population of massive black holes. The next steps will be to use these observations to guide our theoretical models - something which up until very recently was simply impossible.”