image: Nader Motee is a professor of mechanical engineering and mechanics in the P.C. Rossin College of Engineering and Applied Science at Lehigh University.
Credit: Douglas Benedict/Academic Image
“For robots to achieve true autonomy in the future, they must be able to assess risks before making decisions,” says Nader Motee (pictured below), a professor of mechanical engineering and mechanics in Lehigh University's P.C. Rossin College of Engineering and Applied Science.
Motee recently received a nearly $680,000 grant from the Office of Naval Research to develop a novel, multi-stage, perception-based control paradigm that will essentially help robots assess risk, and ultimately make autonomous systems safer and more efficient.
We humans conduct risk analysis all the time—from how we drive to what we say and how we say it. That analysis allows us to make a decision—slow down, say “I’m sorry,” maybe not use all caps in that text message. At this moment, robots can’t do this kind of analysis, which means they can’t make decisions on their own (a relief to most of us, no doubt). But a world with autonomous robots could be a world in which we humans get a lot of meaningful assistance from machines—more help with disaster recovery, for instance.
However, to do risk analysis, robots first require quantifying the ambiguity of perception. “In humans, our perception is based on what we’ve learned in the past,” says Motee. “But the number of samples that a robot, or a human, can be fed of any given object is limited. So there’s always ambiguity and uncertainty about what the robot is seeing. Is it a stop sign? On top of that, if there’s noise in the environment, like rain or fog or darkness, there’s uncertainty about the object itself. Is it even a sign at all? So there is uncertainty about not only the object, but also the identity of that object inside that class. So the ambiguity is the uncertainty of the uncertainty.”
Ambiguous perception in a robot is dangerous—consider, for example, the consequences of a self-driving car perceiving a stop sign as a speed limit sign.
It’s a real problem to solve, and Motee and his team are tackling it by quantifying the sources of uncertainty. Essentially, they want to go inside the black box of a range of perception modules—machine learning models that use visual sensing—to better understand how the models are perceiving the environment.
“The relationship between the input, which are the images, and the output, which are the labels (like traffic sign) is very complex,” he says. “But to quantify the ambiguity and the output of perception, I have to analyze these models and the relationships between these two quantities. Then I can compute if I have some uncertainty on the output, how that would be transferred to the output.”
That’s the first step.
“Once we quantify the ambiguity,” he says, “we could use risk measures for decision-making purposes.”
A robot capable of assessing risk could, in theory, make a safe decision on its next course of action. A team of robots could communicate effectively. They could also perceive the actions of the humans around them and infer how they could best assist them.
“But they have to assess risk first to determine if their next course of action is actually going to help the humans, or make their work even harder. They’ll have to do a lot of analysis.”
And so will Motee and his team. But he finds the prospect of a future where perception modules work as a connected network exciting. They could perceive information about our health, our transportation system, and our security.
“These modules would collaborate with each other,” he says, “and hopefully create a smart society that could improve our health and our lifestyles.”
Research reported in this story is supported by the United States Navy/Office of Naval Research under award number N000142312779.
About Nader Motee
Nader Motee is a professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics at Lehigh University. He directs the Autonomous and Intelligent Robotics (AIR) Lab and the Distributed Control and Dynamical Systems (DCDS) Laboratory in the P.C. Rossin College of Engineering and Applied Science. He received a PhD in electrical and systems engineering from the University of Pennsylvania in 2007 and was a postdoctoral scholar at the Control and Dynamical Systems Department at Caltech and a visiting scholar at UCSB. Motee's research interests include distributed control systems and real-time robot perception. He is a Senior Member of IEEE. His recent recognitions include the 2019 Best SICON Paper Prize, ONR Young Investigator Award (2016), NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Award (2015), and AFOSR Young Investigator Award (2013).