3D-printed plasmonic plastic enables large-scale optical sensor production

In a multi-year project, researchers at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden have developed plasmonic plastic – a type of composite material with unique optical properties that can be 3D-printed. This research has now resulted in 3D-printed optical hydrogen sensors that could play an important role in the transition to green energy and industry.

Interest in plasmonic metal nanoparticles and their many different applications has grown rapidly, developing across a broad spectrum over the past two decades. What makes these particles so special is their ability to interact strongly with light. This makes them useful for a wide range of applications: as optical components for medical sensors and treatments, in photocatalysis to control chemical processes, and in various types of gas sensors.

Plasmonic plastic

For six years, Chalmers researchers Christoph Langhammer, Christian Müller, Kasper Moth-Poulsen, Paul Erhart and Anders Hellman and their research teams collaborated in a research project on plasmonic plastic. At the time the project began, plasmonic metal nanoparticles were being used primarily on flat surfaces and required production in advanced cleanroom laboratories. The researchers’ starting point was to ask: what if we could produce large volumes of plasmonic metal nanoparticles in a sustainable way that would make it possible to manufacture three-dimensional plasmonic objects? This is where the plastic came into the picture. The properties of plastic materials mean that they can be shaped into almost any form, are cost-effective, have upscaling potential, and can be 3D-printed.

And it worked. The project resulted in the development of new materials consisting of a mix (or composite) of a polymer and colloidal, plasmonically active, metal nanoparticles. With these materials, you can 3D-print objects of anything from a fraction of a gram up to several kilograms in weight. Some of the most important research results from the entire project have now been summarised in an article in the scientific journal Accounts of Chemical Research.

3D-printed hydrogen sensors

Plasmonic sensors that can detect hydrogen are the target application for this type of plastic composite material that the researchers chose to focus on in their project. In doing so, they have pioneered an entirely new approach in the field of optical sensors based on plasmons, namely being able to 3D-print these sensors.

“Different types of sensors are needed to speed up development in medicine, or the use of hydrogen as an alternative carbon-free fuel. The interplay between the polymer and nanoparticles is the key factor when these sensors are fabricated from plasmonic plastic. In sensor applications, this type of plastic not only enables additive manufacturing (3D printing), as well as scalability in the material manufacturing process, but has the additional important function of filtering out all molecules except the smallest ones – in our application, these are the hydrogen molecules we want to detect. This prevents the sensor from deactivating over time,” says Christoph Langhammer, professor at the Department of Physics, who led the project.

“The sensor is designed so that the metal nanoparticles change colour when they come in contact with hydrogen, because they absorb the gas like a sponge. The colour shift in turn alerts you immediately if the levels get too high, which is essential when you are dealing with hydrogen gas. At too high levels, it becomes flammable when mixed with air,” says Christoph Langhammer.

Many applications possible

While a reduction in the use of plastics is desirable in general, there are numerous advanced engineering applications that are only possible thanks to the unique properties of plastics.  Plasmonic plastics may now make it possible to exploit the versatile toolbox of polymer technology for designing novel gas sensors, or applications in health and wearable technologies as other examples. It may even inspire artists and fashion designers due to its appealing and tuneable colours.

“We have shown that the production of the material can be scaled up, that it is based on environment-friendly and resource-efficient synthesis methods for creating the nanoparticles, and is easy to implement. Within the project, we chose to apply the plasmonic plastic to hydrogen sensors, but in reality only our imagination is the limit for what it can be used for,” says Christoph Langhammer.

How plasmonic plastic works

• Plasmonic plastic consists of a polymer, such as amorphous Teflon or PMMA (plexiglass), and colloidal nanoparticles of a metal that are homogenously distributed inside the polymer. At the nanoscale, the metal particles acquire useful properties such as the ability to interact strongly with light. The effect of this is called plasmons. The nanoparticles can then change colour if there is a change in their surroundings, or if they change themselves, for example through a chemical reaction, or by absorbing hydrogen.
• By dispersing the nanoparticles in the polymer, they are protected from the surroundings because larger molecules are not as capable of moving through the polymer as hydrogen molecules, which are extremely small. The polymer acts as molecular filter. This means that a plasmonic plastic hydrogen sensor can be used in more demanding environments, and will age less. The polymer also makes it possible to easily create three-dimensional objects of vastly different sizes that have these interesting plasmonic properties.
• This unique interaction between the polymer, nanoparticles and light can be used to achieve customized effects, potentially in a wide range of products. Different types of polymers and metals contribute different properties to the composite material, which can be tailored to the particular application.

More about the research

The research project “Plastic Plasmonics” received SEK 28.9 million in funding from the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research and was concluded in the summer of 2022.

The article Bulk-Processed Plasmonic Plastic Nanocomposite Materials for Optical Hydrogen Detection, published in Accounts of Chemical Research on 4 July 2023, reports on the research which, between 2017 and 2022, was described in nearly 40 different publications.

The article’s authors are Iwan Darmadi, Ida Östergren, Sarah Lerch, Anja Lund, Kasper Moth-Poulsen, Christian Müller and Christoph Langhammer. The authors are active at the Department of Physics and the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden. Researchers Anders Hellman and Paul Erhart, both of the Department of Physics, and their research teams, also contributed to the project.

In addition to his work at Chalmers, Kasper Moth-Poulsen is also active at the Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, the Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) and the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya.

For more questions, please contact:

Christoph Langhammer, Professor, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, +46 31 772 33 31, clangham@chalmers.se

Christian Müller, Professor, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, +46 31 772 27 90, christian.muller@chalmers.se

Captions: 
1. A filament of the plasmonic plastic. Due to its flexibility, the material can be formed into almost any shape. In this particular example, the filament is intended for use in 3D printers.

2. A 3D-printed model of West-Sweden’s landmark, Vinga Lighthouse. The colour of the material is determined by the metal used for the nanoparticles in the plasmonic plastic, as well as their shape and size.

3. A 3D-printed sensing element made from plasmonic plastic for use in an optical hydrogen sensor. This particular element contains nanoparticles of the metal palladium, which gives it its grey colour.

Credit: Chalmers/Malin Arnesson