image: Experimental shift of the 8 TFBG resonances employed in the proposed method. view more
Credit: OEA
A new publication from Opto-Electronic Advances, 10.29026/oea.2023.230048 discusses an all-fiber ellipsometer for nanoscale dielectric coatings.
Measuring the refractive index and the thickness of thin films (films with a thickness from less than a nanometer to several microns) is essential to characterize them and improve the performance of sensors and devices that employ thin films. The most established method to simultaneously determine both parameters, with a wide range of available commercial solutions, is ellipsometry. However, this technique does not directly measure the thickness and the refractive index, but calculates them based on optical measurements and an optical model of the thin film material that must be known in advance.
The Sensors research group of Prof. Ignacio R. Matías from the Public University of Navarra (Spain), in collaboration with the Advanced Photonic Components Laboratory of Prof. Jacques Albert from Carleton University (Canada), propose a completely different approach to determine the thickness and refractive index of thin films, based on the wavelength shifts of multiple cladding mode resonances in tilted fiber Bragg gratings (TFBGs).
Optical fiber gratings consist of a periodic modulation of the refractive index along the core of an optical fiber, typically a single mode fiber with an 8 µm thick core and a 125 µm thick cladding. In the case of TFBGs, the grating period is in the order of the 500 nm, and the gratings are angled with respect to the perpendicular to the optical fiber axis. The coupling between the light that propagates through the core and the light that backpropagates through the cladding (light is reflected by the gratings) causes the appearance of cladding mode resonances in the optical spectrum. These resonances occur at spectral intervals of the order of 1 nm over a wavelength range of around 100 nm. The simultaneous wavelength tracking of a large set of resonances, each one providing a separate measurement, enables to determine with accuracy multiple parameters.
In this work, the thickness and refractive index of a titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin film deposited on an optical fiber with a TFBG inscribed on it are simultaneously measured by employing the wavelength shift of 8 resonances. This is achieved by comparing the experimental wavelength shifts of 8 TFBG resonances during the deposition process with simulated shifts from a range of thicknesses (T) and values of the refractive index (n). The minimization of an error function computed for each (n, T) pair then provides a solution for the thickness and refractive index of the deposited film. The final values obtained by the TFBG (n = 2.25, final thickness of 185 nm) were both within 4% of the validation measurements, performed with a conventional ellipsometer and a scanning electron microscope.
This approach provides a method to measure the formation of nanoscale dielectric coatings on fibers in situ for applications that require precise thicknesses and refractive indices, such as the optical fiber sensor field. Furthermore, the TFBG can also be used as a process monitor for deposition on other substrates with deposition methods that produce uniform coatings on dissimilar shaped substrates. The developed technique contrasts with other conventional methods to determine the properties of such thin films that rely on co-located witness samples, such as ellipsometry, or on destructive measurements using some of the coated fibers. Therefore, the proposed method could serve to overcome these limitations and establish a new standard for measuring the thickness and refractive index of thin films deposited on optical fibers.
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The Sensors research group from the Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Spain, is specialized in the development of optical fiber sensors (temperature, humidity, biosensors, gas sensors) based on the phenomenon of lossy mode resonances (LMRs). LMRs require the deposition of a thin film on the substrate (an uncladded multimode fiber, for instance) using a material that has a real part of the refractive index higher than its imaginary part, such as metal oxides or polymers. Different substrates can be employed, including, for example, D-shaped fibers or planar waveguides (glass slides, coverslips). The sensing mechanism is based on monitoring the shift of the central wavelength of the resonance when there is a change in the parameter of interest.
On the other hand, the expertise acquired in manufacturing coatings on optical fibers with different methods and deposition processes (layer-by-layer, dip coating, sputtering, atomic layer deposition) has also enabled to study different phenomena in this field. One of them is the mode transition, particularly in the case of long period fiber gratings (LPGs). This phenomenon, caused by the deposition of a high refractive index thin film on the LPG, produces an abrupt wavelength shift of the LPG bands at a certain thickness, and it is used for the development of high sensitivity devices.
The collaboration between the Sensors research group, and the Advanced Photonic Components Laboratory, in Carleton University (Canada), led by Professor Jacques Albert, an expert in tilted fiber Bragg gratings (TFBGs), has enabled to transfer our knowledge about metal oxide coatings and the mode transition phenomena to the TFBG domain, leading to the development of a method for measuring both the refractive index and the thickness of a thin film deposited on an optical fiber by means of a TFBG.
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Opto-Electronic Advances (OEA) is a high-impact, open access, peer reviewed monthly SCI journal with an impact factor of 14.1 (Journal Citation Reports for IF2022). OEA is indexed in SCI, EI, DOAJ, Scopus, CA and ICI databases.
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Imas JJ, Matías IR, Del Villar I, Ozcáriz A, Zamarreño CR et al. All-fiber ellipsometer for nanoscale dielectric coatings. Opto-Electron Adv 6, 230048 (2023). doi: 10.29026/oea.2023.230048
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