NTU Singapore scientists invent a bright way to upcycle plastics into liquids that can store hydrogen energy

Scientists from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore) have created a process that can upcycle most plastics into chemical ingredients useful for energy storage, using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and a commercially available catalyst, all at room temperature.

The new process is very energy-efficient and can be easily powered by renewable energy in the future, unlike other heat-driven recycling processes like pyrolysis.

This innovation overcomes the current challenges in recycling plastics such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS), which are typically incinerated or discarded in landfills. Globally, only nine per cent of plastics are recycled, and plastic pollution is growing at an alarming rate[1].

The biggest challenge of recycling these plastics is their inert carbon-carbon bonds, which are very stable and thus require a significant amount of energy to break. This bond is also the reason why these plastics are resistant to many chemicals and have relatively high melting points.

Currently, the only commercial way to recycle such plastics is through pyrolysis, which has high energy costs and generates large amounts of greenhouse emissions, making it cost-prohibitive given the lower value product of the resulting pyrolysis oil.

Developed by Associate Professor Soo Han Sen, an expert in photocatalysis from NTU's School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, the new method uses LEDs to activate and break down the inert carbon-carbon bonds in plastics with the help of a commercially available vanadium catalyst.

Published this week in the journal Chem, the NTU method can upcycle a range of plastics, including PP, PE and PS. These plastics, together, account for over 75 per cent of global plastic waste.

In developing a green solution to the plastic waste problem, the team wanted to ensure that minimal extra carbon emissions are generated through the recycling of plastics, which are long chains of molecules containing carbon atoms.

Inventor Assoc Prof Soo said: “Our breakthrough not only provides a potential answer to the growing plastic waste problem, but it also reuses the carbon trapped in these plastics instead of releasing it into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases through incineration.”

How the plastics are broken down

First, the plastics are dissolved or dispersed in the organic solvent known as dichloromethane, which is used to disperse the polymer chains so that they will be more accessible to the photocatalyst. The solution is then mixed with the catalyst and flowed through a series of transparent tubes where the LED light is shone on it.

The light provides the initial energy to break the carbon-carbon bonds in a two-step process with the help of the vanadium catalyst. The carbon-hydrogen bonds in the plastics are oxidised – making the bonds less stable and more reactive – after which the carbon-carbon bonds are broken down.

After separation from the solution, the resulting end products are chemical ingredients such as formic acid and benzoic acid, which can be used to make other chemicals employed in fuel cells and liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs). LOHCs are now being explored by the energy sector as they play critical roles in clean energy development, given their ability to store and transport hydrogen gas more safely.

Unlike current and other emerging technologies to recycle plastics such as pyrolysis, which uses a high-temperature process to melt and degrade the plastics into low-quality fuels, or carbon nanotubes and hydrogen, the new LED-driven method requires much less energy.

Prof Soo adds that their method is unique in that it can use sunlight or LEDs powered with electricity from renewable sources such as solar, wind or geothermal, to completely process and upcycle such a wide range of plastics. This can allow for clean and energy-efficient management of plastics in a circular economy and increase the recycling rate of plastics.

The process may also help Singapore to reduce the amount of plastic waste from being incinerated or landfilled, helping the country to meet its Zero-Waste Masterplan, where it aims to increase the overall recycling rate to 70 per cent by 2030 and reduce waste going to the Semakau landfill, estimated to run out of space by 2035.

Singapore generates around 1 million tonnes of plastic waste annually and only six per cent[2] of Singapore’s plastic waste is recycled.

This study is part of a bigger project, entitled SPRUCE: Sustainable Plastics RepUrposing for a Circular Economy, which also involves Professor Xin (Simba) Chang, Associate Dean (Research) from the Nanyang Business School and Associate Professor Md Saidul Islam from the School of Social Sciences.

The interdisciplinary team estimates that if Singapore can upcycle 80 per cent of its plastics, it could lead to at least a 2.1 million tonnes reduction in carbon dioxide emissions – about four per cent of the nation’s total greenhouse gas emissions.

In addition, when plastics are upcycled into chemical feedstock, it reduces the need by the chemical industry to combust fossil fuels to produce chemical feedstock, further cutting down greenhouse gas emissions.

Based on the estimations by Prof Chang and other team members, the economic benefit of reducing carbon dioxide emissions is estimated to be S$41.40m per year while the estimated cost savings from avoiding landfill use is about S$41.35 million per year in Singapore.[3]^,[4] Plastic reuse and recycling are projected to generate a profit-pool growth of as much as US$60 billion for the chemical industry globally.[5]

Prof Chang, an expert in corporate finance, added, “Given that Singapore’s chemical industry accounts for about one-third of the manufacturing output in 2015,[6] the integration of plastic upcycling technology into the industry has the potential to yield considerable positive economic and environmental impact.”

Sociology expert Assoc Prof Islam said: “This innovative approach — by transforming plastic waste into valuable resources like formic acid — not only reduces the burden of plastic pollution but also addresses the growing demand for sustainable chemicals. This contributes to a cleaner environment, enhances public health, and creates new employment opportunities, especially in research, development, and production sectors, thereby fostering economic growth with a shift towards circular economies.”

The NTU team has filed a patent for their photocatalytic process, which has been designed with industrial scalability in mind, through the University’s innovation and enterprise company NTUitive. The team is now seeking partners to further commercialise the technology, which may contribute toward helping Singapore achieve its 2050 Net Zero Emissions target[7].

Their innovation exemplifies NTU's unwavering commitment to developing sustainable solutions to address pressing global challenges such as climate change. In its NTU 2025 Strategic Plan, the University also outlined its Sustainability Manifesto that elaborates on how NTU aims to go carbon neutral by 2035.

NTU also seeks to nurture and support novel research solutions and to speed up the commercialisation process through its recently launched Innovation and Entrepreneurship initiative.

SPRUCE is supported by NTU and the Alliance to End Plastic Waste. This project is also partly supported by the National Research Foundation, Singapore (NRF) under its Competitive Research Programme, as well as an A*STAR Advanced Manufacturing and Engineering Individual Research Grant and a Ministry of Education Tier 1 grant.

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Paper titled: “Upcycling of non-biodegradable plastics by base metal photocatalysis”, published in Chem, Cell Press, 14 Aug 2023.

[1] Plastic pollution is growing relentlessly as waste management and recycling fall short, says OECD. (2022) https://www.oecd.org/environment/plastic-pollution-is-growing-relentlessly-as-waste-management-and-recycling-fall-short.htm

[2] Waste statistics and overall recycling. National Environment Agency. (2022) https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/waste-management/waste-statistics-and-overall-recycling

[3] The social cost of carbon. Brookings. (2021) https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-social-cost-of-carbon/

[4] Plastic & Climate: The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet. CIEL. (2019) https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Plastic-and-Climate-FINAL-2019.pdf

[5] How plastics waste recycling could transform the chemical. McKinsey & Company. (2018) industry https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/chemicals/our-insights/how-plastics-waste-recycling-could-transform-the-chemical-industry

[6] EDB Singapore. https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/our-industries/energy-and-chemicals.html

[7] National Climate Change Secretariat. (2022, October 25). Singapore commits to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and to a revised 2030 nationally determined contribution. https://www.nccs.gov.sg/media/press-releases/singapore-commits-to-achieve-net-zero/