topological orders (IMAGE)
Caption
Distinguishing the topological orders and trivial phases by designed measurements. Illustration: Phase transitions between QSLs and the PM phase. Data along the QSL–PM–QSL path, indicated by the dashed line at V = 0.9 in Fig. 2. (a) The energy density is smooth with increasing µ. (b) The polarization Mx reveals the first-order phase transition between the PM phase and the two Z2 QSLs. (c) The dimer filling changes continuously in the PM phase, and the filling also exhibits a first-order phase transition between the PM phase and QSLs. (d) The string operator is zero in the trivial PM phase but positive (negative) in the even (odd) Z2 QSL.
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The University of Hong Kong
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