Orientation (IMAGE)
Caption
The orientation of the naphthalene molecule relative to the external electric field can be described by angles β and γ in the following manner: Electric field F is directed along axis z?, while β denotes the angle between z? and the molecular axis z, and γ is the rotation angle around axis z. The latter angle specifies an arbitrary orientation of the molecule relative to the field F. The two angles β and γ are known as Euler angles. The figure also shows two outer orbitals (a and b) of the naphthalene molecule -- that is, the areas where the two outer electrons are localized in this molecule. The outer electrons are the first to undergo ionization in the presence of an electric field.
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Image courtesy of the researchers
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