Surfer's ear 3 Thermal Map (IMAGE) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Caption Trade winds push warm surface water out into the Pacific creating seasonal cold water upwelling in the Gulf of Panama from December to April. Credit From: Robertson et al 2009. Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Sciences. Usage Restrictions Credit: Robertson et al 2009. Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Sciences. License Licensed content Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.