SWAPPS X-ray Spectroscopy Technique (IMAGE) DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Caption By utilizing X-ray standing waves to excite photoelectrons, SWAPPS delivers vital information about all the chemical elements at the heterogeneous interfaces found in batteries, fuel cells and other devices. Credit (Image courtesy of Slavomír Nemšák) Usage Restrictions None License Licensed content Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.