Figure 2 (IMAGE)

Institute for Basic Science

Figure 2

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Critical cellular pathways regulating mRNA vaccines. Heparan sulfate facilitates cellular uptake. V-ATPase acidifies endosomes, enabling mRNA release to the cytosol. TRIM25, activated locally by protons from ruptured endosomes, captures RNA and induces RNA surveillance. N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Ψ) modification helps RNA to evade TRIM25, increasing antigen expression.

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Institute for Basic Science

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