Schematic view of the charge-changing reaction (IMAGE)
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The charge-changing reaction (CCR) observed in the experiment consists of two parts. The direct proton removal process (σdriect), represents the dominate part in CCR and can be calculated with a good precision with theoretical models. In this process, proton(s) are removed directly in the reaction, which dominates the CCRs. The other one, the proton evaporation process (σevap) after direct neutron removals, is a two-stage process. Only neutron(s) are removed in the direct reaction stage, leaving a residual nucleus in a highly excited state. The residual nucleus then undergos a cascade decay by evaporating charged particles (usually protons).
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