Schooling.ms1.suppl.overview.graphic.jpg (IMAGE)

Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology

Schooling.ms1.suppl.overview.graphic.jpg

Caption

Possible hydrodynamic advantages for individual fish when swimming in the school. The fish schools can modify the water velocity (U) within the school in comparison to the free stream velocity (Ufs). 1. Reduced oncoming velocity requires less thrust. 2. Accelerated oscillating flow at the head provides a forward suction force. 3. Added mass “push” from follower to leader. 4. Wall effects from neighbouring fish. Based on these mechanisms, our study set out to test a general hypothesis that fish schooling saves locomotion energy compared to that of solitary fish.

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Schematic by Yangfan Zhang and George Lauder

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