Figure 2: Wearable scalp-EEG based BCIs and their medical applications (IMAGE)
Caption
(a) Emotiv EPOC headset. (b) DSI-24 headset. (c) OpenBCI Ultracortex “Mark IV” headset. (d) Jure et al. from National University of Entre Ríos presented a functional electrical stimulation (FES) based BCI system, which was made up of an Emotiv EPOC headset for EEG signal recording. (e) Tabering et al. from National University of Entre Ríos used the BCI-FES system to perform neurorehabilitation therapy for patients with sequelae of ischemic stroke and evaluated the effects. Before and after the intervention, scores of the quality of movement (left) and quality of life (right) were measured for each stroke patient. (f) Taleb et al. from Wasit University designed a BCI system based on the Emotiv EPOC device (Figure 2(f) left) for self-managed neurofeedback (NFB) treatment of people with chronic SCI (left), and results showed that users had successfully regulated their brainwaves in a frequency-specific manner (right). (g-h) Zulauf-Czaja et al. from University of Glasgow presented a BCI-FES system based on an Emotiv EPOC headset. The system obtained an accuracy of 70–90%, and the median activation time of FES remained constant across sessions. (i) Choi et al. from Eulji University School of Medicine Illustration designed an action observation BCI system based on the DSI-24 EEG headset and detected the participants’ attention level by analyzing Mu rhythm power.
Credit
a) ©2016 EDP Sciences. Reprinted, with permission, from Swee et al. (b) https://www.neurospec.com/Products/Details/1079/dsi-24 (c) https://docs.openbci.com/AddOns/Headwear/MarkIV/ (d) ©2016 IOPscience. Reprinted, with permission, from Jure et al., BCI-FES system for neuro-rehabilitation of stroke patients. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2016;705(1):012058. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/705/1/012058. (e) Used with permission of SAGE Publications Ltd., from Neurorehabilitation therapy of patients with severe stroke based on functional electrical stimulation commanded by a brain computer interface, Tabernig et al., 5, 2018; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (f) ©2019 BMC. Reprinted, with permission, from Al-Taleb et al. (g-h) ©2021 BMC. Reprinted, with permission, from Zulauf-Czaja et al. (i) ©2019 MDPI. Reprinted, with permission, from Choi et al.
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