image: Traditional smallholder farms in Jiangxi, China view more
Credit: Dr Yi Zou
A new study by a team of researchers has found that the consolidation of traditional smallholder farms in China has a devastating effect on the biodiversity of wild pollinators in the area.
Pollinators play an essential role when it comes to supporting global food production. However, wild pollinators are on the decline for several reasons, including the loss of floral resources and nesting sites. This loss of biodiversity could have far-reaching consequences for global food production in future. "Biodiversity is essential for all life, with pollinators being one of the most important groups," says Dr Yi Zou from Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, corresponding author of the paper. "There are diverse insect pollinators in traditional smallholder agroecosystems in China supported by fine-scale field margins which contain semi-natural habitats."
Semi-natural habitats, such as forest and grassland, provide abundant resources and nesting sites and promote pollinator diversity.
However, these habitats are under threat. "China is conducting massive farmland consolidation projects, changing traditional fields to regular consolidated ones. As a result, fine-scale, semi-natural habitats are removed," says Dr Zou.
Changing traditions
Traditionally, smallholder farms in China are worked by hand and have an irregular shape informed by the landscape. There are narrow margins of semi-natural habitat between individual smallholder farms that allow farmers to move between them.
Consolidation reorganises the farmland into more uniform shapes that allow for mechanised agriculture and creates even, flat surfaces between the plots, which are sometimes paved to enable easier movement.
To assess the impact of these consolidation projects, Dr Zou and a team of researchers conducted a study in the Jiangxi province, comparing pollinator diversity of 18 rapeseed (canola) fields over two years - 2015 and 2019.
"We found that consolidated farming landscapes had about 30% lower pollinator biodiversity as opposed to traditional ones," explains Dr Zou.
"While semi-natural habitat in the areas surrounding the farmland has positive effects on both consolidated and traditional farming, it requires a great deal of land to offset the loss of margins. To compensate for the drop in diversity due to consolidation, we need an extra 55% landscape-scale semi-natural habitat, which is very difficult to achieve.
"Farmland consolidation is inevitable to improve agricultural productivity. However, the role of semi-natural habitat in supporting farmland biodiversity - and the associated beneficial services such as pollination and biological pest control - needs to be considered. For example, the establishment of fine-grained networks with flowering plant species and nesting sites may provide a feasible option to reduce negative impacts on wild pollinator diversity," concludes Dr Zou.
Methodology and findings
The researchers conducted the study in the Jiangxi Province of China in 2015 and 2019. A total of 20 study sites, with eight consolidated and 12 traditional farmlands were selected.
Pollinator communities in focal oilseed rape fields were sampled using pan traps placed in the centre of each field.
The pan trap sampling resulted in the collection of 6,910 wild pollinators, which accounts for 85 species.
The richness of rarefied species of wild pollinators was higher in traditional sites as opposed to consolidated sites. Species richness was positively associated with the proportion of semi-natural habitat in evidence.
The study found the following conclusions:
- 1. Wild pollinator richness and evenness is lower in oilseed rape fields in consolidated farmland.
2. Species richness of wild pollinators is positively associated with the proportion of semi-natural habitat.
3. The loss of diversity of wild pollinators, owing to land consolidation, is substantial.
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The research team consisted of: Yi Zou and Xiaoyu Shi from Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China; Haijun Xiao and Haimin He from Jiangxi Agricultural University, China; Shudong Luo from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Jenny A Hodgson from University of Liverpool, UK; and Felix JJA Bianchi and Wopke van der Werff from Wageningen University, The Netherlands.