Achuta Kadambi, an assistant professor at the UCLA Samueli School of Engineering, published a column in the journal Science about how medical devices can be fundamentally biased -- not just in dataset representation as has been widely reported, but from a deeper root: the laws of physics.
Kadambi described how the inherent physics behind medical devices could vary across race and gender. He cited several examples of potential physics-based bias. For example, recent research has shown that a pulse oximeter -- a medical device typically placed on a fingertip that uses infrared and light beams to measure oxygen saturation of the blood and the pulse rate -- is more likely to miss low levels in people with darker skin.
What motivated Kadambi to write this piece stemmed from an incident at an airport when he noticed he had difficulties triggering light-sensing soap, faucet and towel dispensers, which he attributed to his darker complexion and the physics of light. While these factors might result in mere inconvenience when using a light-sensing faucet or towel dispenser, Kadambi said they might present life-threatening consequences in critical application domains such as medicine.
To address these challenges, Kadambi offered a few suggestions on how to prevent these unintentional biases and improve equity in medical devices. For starters, he suggested that medical devices journals require authors to quantify sample fairness in experiments. At present, scientists are only required to provide statistics relating to the performance of a device without the human factor.
Another critical point raised by Kadambi in this piece involves recalibrating how a medical device's performance is measured. In such a scenario, the performance rating of existing medical devices may suffer when a quantifiable metric, such as race or ethnicity of a population, is included in evaluating the equipment. This is a concept similar to the Pareto efficiency in economics, whereby when enhancement made to benefit one metric (e.g. fairness) leads to diminution on another (e.g. device performance on the majority). If a life-saving medical device does not work well on minority populations, should it be redesigned at the expense of the majority? Kadambi noted that society historically has had great difficulties in solving such a conundrum.
Kadambi, who specializes in computational-imaging technologies and their applications, has recently pivoted his research to explore the issue of fairness in the imaging field. A recent National Science Foundation CAREER Award will fund his research into the physics of light and how it interacts with variations in skin types and colors.
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After receiving his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT Kadambi joined UCLA in 2018 and holds faculty appointments in both the electrical and computer engineering department and the computer science department. Over the years, he has received many honors and awards, including a Lemelson-MIT student prize and a Google Faculty Award. He was elected as a senior member of the 2020 National Academy of Inventors and named one of Forbes' 30 Under 30 class of 2019 (science category). He is also the co-founder and chief scientist for Akasha Imaging, a venture-backed startup that designs camera hardware and artificial intelligence to enhance computer vision.
UCLA Samueli is a tightly knit community of 190 full-time faculty members, more than 6,000 undergraduate and graduate students, as well as 40,000 active alumni. Known as the birthplace of the internet, UCLA Samueli is also where countless other fields took some of their first steps - from artificial intelligence to reverse osmosis, from mobile communications to human prosthetics. UCLA Samueli is consistently ranked in the Top 10 among U.S. public engineering schools. The school is ranked No.1 public university (No. 2 in 2021 overall) for its online master's program by U.S. News & World Report.
Journal
Science