Increased global temperatures help invasive species establish themselves in ecosystems, new research led by a Swansea University bioscientist has shown.
The study, published by the Royal Society, gives an insight into the probable combined effects of species invasions, which are becoming more common, and global warming.
Climate warming and biological invasions result in the loss of species. They also alter the structure of ecosystems and the ways in which species interact.
While there is already extensive research on how climate change and invasions affect species and ecosystems, we know surprisingly little about their combined effect, acting together in synergy.
This is where the new study marks an important step forward. The work, funded by the EU Horizon programme, involved Dr Miguel Lurgi from the College of Science working with colleagues from the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE) and the Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in France.
The team used mathematical simulations to investigate how temperature influences invasions in complex food webs comprised of 30 species. They paid particular attention to the combined - synergistic - effects.
The aim was to provide a theoretical model for how ecological communities are likely to respond to the joint effects of warming and invasions.
The model accounted for factors such as reproduction and death rates, average species body size, and interactions between species - such as predators attacking prey.
The team simulated what happens when an alien species is introduced into an ecosystem. They then ran the simulation forward in time using 40 different temperature values from 0 to 40 degrees Celsius.
This allowed them to model the combined effects on the ecosystem of temperature rises and of the new species being introduced.
They analysed the simulation results to assess the effects of temperature on food web properties before invasion, invasion success, and the effects of invasions on community structure and stability.
They found:
- Warmer temperatures modified community structure and dynamics that in turn facilitated invasions.
- Warmer temperatures mostly amplified the impacts of invasions on communities when compared with their colder counterparts.
- Temperature effects on invasions are mostly indirect and mediated by changes in community structure and stability.
Dr Miguel Lurgi of Swansea University, lead researcher, said:
"Warming and invasions are driving major changes to our ecosystems, and it's essential that we understand their combined effects.
Our study provides a first step in that direction, analysing the synergistic effects of temperature and invasions on communities.
Overall, we found that temperature and invasion act synergistically to increase the rate of species loss, creating smaller and more connected networks.
We have seen with COVID19 how mathematical modelling has been crucial in understanding the likely spread and impact of the virus.
Similarly, our work provides theoretical expectations for the likely response of ecological communities to the joint effects of warming and invasions".
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The research was published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
Notes to Editors
Research available here:
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2020.2622
Swansea University is a world-class, research-led, dual campus university offering a first-class student experience and has one of the best employability rates of graduates in the UK. The University has the highest possible rating for teaching - the Gold rating in the Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF) in 2018 and was commended for its high proportions of students achieving consistently outstanding outcomes.
Swansea climbed 14 places to 31st in the Guardian University Guide 2019, making us Wales' top ranked university, with one of the best success rates of graduates gaining employment in the UK and the same overall satisfaction level as the Number 1 ranked university.
The 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2014 results saw Swansea make the 'biggest leap among research-intensive institutions' in the UK (Times Higher Education, December 2014) and achieved its ambition to be a top 30 research University, soaring up the league table to 26th in the UK.
The University is in the top 300 best universities in the world, ranked in the 251-300 group in The Times Higher Education World University rankings 2018. Swansea University now has 23 main partners, awarding joint degrees and post-graduate qualifications.
The University was established in 1920 and was the first campus university in the UK. It currently offers around 350 undergraduate courses and 350 postgraduate courses to circa 20,000 undergraduate and postgraduate students. The University has ambitious expansion plans as it moves towards its centenary in 2020 and aims to continue to extend its global reach and realise its domestic and international potential.
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