image: Tepary beans created through crossbreeding display variation for seed coat colors. view more
Credit: Tomilee Turner
Agriculture accounts for more than a third of water use in the United States. In drier parts of the country, like the southwestern U.S., that fraction can be much higher. For example, more than 75% of New Mexico's water use is for agriculture.
Richard Pratt, a member of the Crop Science Society of America, studies native crops that can enhance food security while reducing water use. "Water sustainability and food security are tightly linked," he explains.
Pratt recently presented his research at the virtual 2020 ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, hosted by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America.
One of the top candidates for enhancing food security with less water is the tepary bean. It is a native crop that has been cultivated for thousands of years.
"Tepary beans, or teparies, are basically an all-around champion of desert adaptation in an agricultural context," says Pratt.
Teparies are relatively drought and heat tolerant. That is especially true when compared with their common bean cousins like pintos and kidney beans.
Since teparies need less water than many other bean crops, they can be one solution to dwindling water resources.
"We are facing growing water demand coupled with decreasing water supply and quality," Pratt says. "This gap continues to widen, and the status quo is unsustainable."
Native crops, like teparies, can shift the status quo in different ways. For example, one approach that could lead to using less water for farming is breeding more heat and drought tolerant crops. "That way we can get more 'crop per drop'," says Pratt.
Heirloom crop varieties from the Southwest, like teparies and their wild relatives, can be used as breeding resources.
"It takes time to do the breeding, but less thirsty crops grown more efficiently will help," explains Pratt.
A more radical approach would be changing what crops are grown in arid parts of the U.S., such as the Southwest.
Farmers may consider shifting away from 'thirsty' crops, such as pecans, maize and common beans. In their place, farmers could grow crops like pistachios, sorghum and teparies.
But heirloom varieties of native crops can have lower yields than modern varieties. Also, investments in new processing facilities may be needed, and developing markets for new crops can take time.
"There is no free lunch," says Pratt. "But on the brighter side, native crops may offer unique nutritional or quality traits that consumers are looking for."
For example, teparies have an excellent nutritional profile. They can be used for dry beans or as a forage crop. In fact, select varieties of teparies have nutritional profiles comparable to that of alfalfa, a popular forage crop.
Teparies can also be an effective cover crop. These are crops planted for soil management purposes, such as reducing erosion or enhancing soil health and nutrients.
Leguminous cover crops, such as clovers or hairy vetch, have root nodules housing microbes. These microbes can 'fix' or add atmospheric nitrogen to the soil, increasing productivity.
Tepary beans also typically have root nodules but it was unclear if these nodules would be present when teparies are grown in the hot desert soils of the American Southwest.
"It was great to dig up tepary roots and see nodules that bring in 'free' nitrogen into the cropping system," says Pratt. This finding shows that teparies can be a particularly effective cover crop.
"We now have confidence to go forward with teparies as a prospective forage and cover crop," says Pratt.
Future work will focus on finding ways to improve teparies as a crop. For example, tepary bean pods can release the seeds before harvest. "That poses a risk for seed production," says Pratt. "Further research is needed to reduce that problem."
Ultimately, teparies can help improve food security and water management, expand the availability of high quality, locally produced food, and retain agriculture as a part of a vibrant economy.
Richard Pratt is a plant scientist and Director of the Cropping Systems Research Inovation Program at New Mexico State University. This work was supported by the New Mexico State University Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project (Accession 1010445) entitled "Tepary bean: a prospective non-thirsty forage and cover crop."
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