image: Chromium contamination in wastewater can be mitigated by converting Cr(VI) to Cr(III) through a photochemical reaction involving copper complexes view more
Credit: Takashiro Akitsu, Tokyo University of Science
The element chromium, despite having various applications, has a bad reputation. This is because exposure to chromium compounds leads to a higher risk of respiratory cancer and other damaging effects on human health. To add to this problem, chromium also happens to be a major contributor to water pollution due to its presence in industrial waste.
There is, however, a silver lining. As chemists have observed, the toxicity of chromium is dependent on its "valence state" (a state that is dictated by the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom). Of the two stable states that chromium exhibits, "hexavalent chromium" or Cr(VI) and "trivalent chromium" Cr(III), the former is more toxic and soluble. Thus, chromium contamination can be mitigated by simply converting Cr(VI) to Cr(III) via a process called "reduction." Unfortunately, most approaches involved in reducing Cr(VI) to Cr(III) are either expensive and hazardous or have high energy requirements.
To this end, researchers have been focusing on the development of "photocatalysts," materials that can facilitate the reduction of harmful substances in the presence of light. The trick is to develop such a reaction using water as the solvent (as opposed to previously used organic solvents), such that they can be directly used to treat wastewater.
A team of researchers, led by Prof Takashiro Akitsu of Tokyo University of Science, has successfully done this, in a recent study published in New Journal of Chemistry. The team also included Yoshito Miyagawa, Tomoyuki Haraguchi (Tokyo University of Science, Japan), Arshak Tsatsuryan (University of Turin, Italy, and Southern Federal University, Russia), and Igor Shcherbakov (Southern Federal University, Russia). Prof Akitsu explains, "In our study, we developed a method to reduce Cr(VI) via light irradiation. We then applied it to an aqueous solvent to make its application easier."
In their study, the team synthesized copper (Cu(II)) complexes from a range of organic compounds. Through further analyses, they confirmed that these complexes, along with a photocatalyst called titanium oxide (TiO2), are involved in a photochemical reaction leading to the reduction of Cr(VI) in both methanol and water. Specifically, the group studied how the photocatalytic activity of the Cu(II) complex in methanol depended on the wavelength of incident light, while that of the Cu(II) complex with TiO2 in aqueous solution depended on the pH of the solution.
The findings revealed that, on one hand, the rate of Cr(VI) reduction in Cu(II)-methanol photochemical reaction is maximum for visible light in the wavelength range 460-495 nm. On the other hand, Cr(VI) reduction by the Cu(II)-TiO2 system under UV light was found to depend on the pH level of the aqueous solution, exhibiting high reduction efficiencies for acidic solutions with pH values <6. Further electrochemical experiments showed that the photocatalysts were reusable, indicating their potential applicability in environment regulation.
The study holds promise for the development of a novel wastewater treatment procedure that is both cost-effective and efficient. As Prof Akitsu puts it, "This is the first study to show the reduction of the toxic Cr(VI) into the relatively harmless Cr(III) in an aqueous solvent, which has direct implications in reducing water contamination."
With such a technology in place, we can certainly hope to reverse the adverse effects of industrial wastes on water bodies.
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About The Tokyo University of Science
Tokyo University of Science (TUS) is a well-known and respected university, and the largest science-specialized private research university in Japan, with four campuses in central Tokyo and its suburbs and in Hokkaido. Established in 1881, the university has continually contributed to Japan's development in science through inculcating the love for science in researchers, technicians, and educators.
With a mission of "Creating science and technology for the harmonious development of nature, human beings, and society", TUS has undertaken a wide range of research from basic to applied science. TUS has embraced a multidisciplinary approach to research and undertaken intensive study in some of today's most vital fields. TUS is a meritocracy where the best in science is recognized and nurtured. It is the only private university in Japan that has produced a Nobel Prize winner and the only private university in Asia to produce Nobel Prize winners within the natural sciences field.
Website: https://www.tus.ac.jp/en/mediarelations/
About Professor Takashiro Akitsu from Tokyo University of Science
Takashiro Akitsu is a Professor at the Faculty of Science division II in Tokyo University of Science. As an active researcher in the field of inorganic chemistry, he focuses particularly on coordination chemistry and materials science. He has a PhD from Osaka University, having focused his post-graduate research on coordination, crystal, and bioinorganic chemistry. He was named Professor of the Year in 2016 for his teaching work on photo-materials and holds a patent for an ultraviolet absorber since 2016.
Funding information</p>
This research was supported in part by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. This work was also performed partly under the Cooperative Research Program of "Network Joint Research Center for Materials and Devices."
Journal
New Journal of Chemistry