image: Info written at a higher grade level than recommended can place greater demands on the reader and cause people to miss key public health information. view more
Credit: Richard Clark/Dartmouth College
HANOVER, N.H. - August 18, 2020 - Information about COVID-19 offered by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the White House, and state health departments failed to meet recommendations for communicating with the public, according to a Dartmouth study.
The review of written web content during the onset of COVID-19 demonstrates that official information about the virus might have been too complex for a general audience. On average, government sources communicated about three grades higher than the reading level recommended by existing guidelines for clear communication.
The research, which also analyzed international health web pages, appears as a research letter in JAMA Network Open, a medical journal published by the American Medical Association.
"How public health information is presented can influence understanding of medical recommendations," said Joseph Dexter, a fellow at Dartmouth's Neukom Institute for Computational Science and senior author on the study. "During a pandemic it is vital that potentially lifesaving guidance be accessible to all audiences."
The U.S. Plain Writing Act of 2010 requires that "federal agencies use clear government communication that the public can understand and use." The CDC, the American Medical Association and the National Institutes of Health all recommend that medical information for the public should be written at no higher than an eighth-grade reading level.
After studying 137 web pages from federal and state sources, the team found that communications about COVID-19 averaged just over an 11th-grade reading level.
According to the study, information shared by the CDC and other U.S. sources during the onset of COVID-19 exceeded recommendations on the number of words in a sentence, word size, and the use of difficult terms related to public health.
Even though states are not required to follow the federal regulations, they might still benefit from complying with the guidelines. All 50 U.S. states provided information above the eighth-grade level. Nine of the 10 states with the highest illiteracy rates had websites written above a 10th-grade level.
Previous research has found that only 12 percent of American adults exhibit proficient health literacy.
"The differences between eighth-grade and 11th-grade reading levels are crucial. Text written at a higher grade level can place greater demands on the reader and cause people to miss key information," said Dexter.
According to the study, exceeding readability standards may have a greater effect on vulnerable communities with lower health literacy, potentially worsening the impacts of the pandemic.
"Information about COVID-19 can be complex, contradictory, and sometimes false. It is important that members of the public be able to use public health recommendations from trustworthy sources and not have to turn to less reliable outlets," said Dexter.
To assess the readability of information related to COVID-19, the research team analyzed web sites during the critical beginning stages of the pandemic in early April. Pages consulted were meant for general audiences and included lists of frequently asked questions and fact sheets.
Beyond the U.S., the study reviewed 18 international websites, including three public health agencies and 15 official government sites.
Almost all of the international pages scored above the eighth-grade level by five different assessments. All of the pages, including those from the World Health Organization, exceeded the U.S. national eighth-grade guideline by at least one measure.
"WHO coordinates a major effort to redirect anyone searching for information about COVID-19 to reliable sources," said Vishala Mishra, a co-author of the paper and a researcher at Madras Medical College. "Therefore, it becomes especially relevant for governments and health agencies, such as WHO and CDC, to provide more accessible health information that matches the public's health literacy."
Web pages containing COVID-19 information were judged using standard readability formulas that estimate text difficulty based on features such as word and sentence length. The reading level predictions of these formulas were assessed against health literacy guidelines based on federal regulations.
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Journal
JAMA Network Open