What is the incidence of viral hepatitis caused by blood transfusions before and after Sweden introduced screening of blood in the early 1990s? In an article published in Eurosurveillance ahead of World Hepatitis Day on 28 July, the authors also try to estimate how many people of those who were infected with hepatitis B and C through blood transfusion still live with undiagnosed hepatitis.
Transmission of viral hepatitis via blood transfusion or through the use of plasma-derived products is rare in Europe nowadays due to effective blood safety programmes which include exclusion criteria for donors and blood screening for hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV). Large numbers of infected blood donors and recipients of blood transfusions have been identified since screening was implemented around the year 1990.
The Swedish public health agency estimated in 2015 that between 35 000 - 45 000 people in Sweden are living with diagnosed HCV. A similar estimate for HBV does not exist for Sweden.
Dahl et al performed a retrospective cohort study based on different nationwide data sources covering Sweden's transfusion experience from 1968 to 2012 and nationwide notified infections. The aim was to estimate the past and present burden of transfusion transmission of all types of viral hepatitis and to find undiagnosed infections with hepatitis C virus (HCV).
A total of 1 146 307 transfused patients were included in the analysis of HCV transmission for the study. Some 12 000 patients had received at least one transfusion from a donor in one of the strata that were identified as substantial and statistically significant risk increases, namely patients transfused before 1992 with units from a donor with a subsequent HCV diagnosis.
Based on this, the data analysis by Dahl et al identified 1 180 transfused patients and 44 blood donors who they consider at a high risk of being infected with HCV and who are still alive, living in Sweden and had not yet been diagnosed with HCV infection at the end of follow-up in 2017.
No signs of HBV transmission via blood transfusion since 1992
"For hepatitis C, we found ongoing transmission in Sweden before the anti-HCV blood screening was fully implemented in 1992. After that, transmission of HCV decreased to undetectable levels. Our study did not show any signs of hepatitis B transmission through transfusions after 1992", says Gustaf Edgren, associate Professor of epidemiology at the Swedish Karolinska Institutet. "Those people, that we have identified as still undiagnosed with hepatitis C should be tested and offered treatment."
The study showed only one possible case of transmission of hepatitis A after blood transfusion in Sweden. And even though no HEV transmission related to transfusion was identified in this study, an earlier study found that one in 7 896 Swedish plasma donations were positive for HEV RNA, which indicates that this transmission route probably also happens in Sweden.
The study was based on notified infections only, which limits its sensitivity as it depends on the extent to which infections had been diagnosed in Sweden. Which, in turn can also depend on whether the hepatitis infection is symptomatic.
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Notes to editors:
Among those who received at least one transfusion from a donor with a subsequent diagnosis of HCV infection, the authors found a statistically significantly increased risk of HCV infection only for those who received a blood transfusion before 1992 (hazard ratio (HR)?=?9.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 8.1-10.0). This did not apply for transfusions between 199 and 1996 (HR?=?1.3; 95% CI: 0.6-2.6) or after 1996 (HR?=?2.0; 95% CI: 0.8-4.8).
World Hepatitis Day
World Hepatitis Day is marked on 28 July each year to increase the awareness and understanding of viral hepatitis. The five main hepatitis viruses are types A, B, C, D and E.
Viral hepatitis
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by a virus. The most common hepatitis viruses in Europe are types A, B, C and E (commonly referred to as HAV, HBV, HCV and HEV).
Even though their effects on the liver and the symptoms they produce can be similar, the severity and duration of the disease are determined by the virus that caused it.
While HAV infection is typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and causes an acute infection, hepatitis B and C usually occur as a result of contact with infected body fluids and can develop into a chronic infection.
As hepatitis infection often shows no symptoms, a large number of people have chronic hepatitis without being aware of the infection. Together, HBV and HCV are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer. See: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/viral-hepatitis/facts
According to an ECDC estimate, around 9 million Europeans are affected by chronic hepatitis B (4.7 million) and chronic hepatitis C infection (3.9 million). However, large numbers of them are not even aware of their infection as they have not yet been tested and diagnosed.
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Journal
Eurosurveillance