Some people are more sensitive than others - and around half of these differences can be attributed to our genes, new research has found.
The study, led by Queen Mary University of London, compared pairs of identical and non-identical 17-year-old twins to see how strongly they were affected by positive or negative experiences - their 'sensitivity' level. The aim was to tease out how much of the differences in sensitivity could be explained by either genetic or environmental factors during development: nature or nurture.
Twins who are brought up together will mostly experience the same environment. But only identical twins share the same genes: non-identical twins are like any other sibling. If identical twins show no more similarity in their levels of sensitivity than non-identical twins, then genes are unlikely to play a role.
Using this type of analysis, the team found that 47 percent of the differences in sensitivity between individuals were down to genetics, leaving 53 percent accounted for by environmental factors. The research, from Queen Mary University of London and Kings College London, is the first to show this link conclusively in such a large study. The findings are published in Molecular Psychiatry.
Michael Pluess, Professor of Developmental Psychology at Queen Mary University of London and study lead, said: "We are all affected by what we experience - sensitivity is something we all share as a basic human trait. But we also differ in how much of an impact our experiences have on us. Scientists have always thought there was a genetic basis for sensitivity, but this is the first time we've been able to actually quantify how much of these differences in sensitivity are explained by genetic factors."
Over 2800 twins were involved in the study, split between around 1000 identical twins and 1800 non-identical twins, roughly half of whom were same sex. The twins were asked to fill out a questionnaire, developed by Professor Pluess, which has been widely used to test an individual's levels of sensitivity to their environment This test will be made available online later this month so anyone can assess their own sensitivity.
The questionnaire is also able to tease out different types of sensitivity - whether someone is more sensitive to negative experiences or positive experiences - as well as general sensitivity. The analysis by the team suggested that these different sensitivities also have a genetic basis.
Co-researcher Dr Elham Assary said: "If a child is more sensitive to negative experiences, it may be that they become more easily stressed and anxious in challenging situations. On the other hand, if a child has a higher sensitivity to positive experiences, it may be that they are more responsive to good parenting or benefit more from psychological interventions at school. What our study shows is that these different aspects of sensitivity all have a genetic basis."
Finally, the team explored how sensitivity to other common and established personality traits, known as the 'Big Five': openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion and neuroticism. They found that there was a shared genetic component between sensitivity, neuroticism and extraversion, but not with any of the other personality traits.
Professor Pluess believes the findings could help us in how we understand and handle sensitivity, in ourselves and others.
"We know from previous research that around a third of people are at the higher end of the sensitivity spectrum. They are generally more strongly affected by their experiences," he said. "This can have both advantages and disadvantages. Because we now know that this sensitivity is as much due to biology as environment, it is important for people to accept their sensitivity as an important part of who they are and consider it as a strength not just as a weakness."
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Notes to editors:
*'Genetic Architecture of Environmental Sensitivity Reflects Multiple Heritable Components: a Twin Study with Adolescents' by Elham Assary, Helena M.S. Zavos, Eva Krapohl, Robert Keers and Michael Pluess is published in Molecular Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-0783-8
The Twins Early Development Study (TEDS)
The twins involved in this study are part of the Twins Early Development Study, which has been running since 1994 and is based at Kings College London under the leadership of Professor Robert Plomin. TEDS recruited 14,000 families who had twins born in England and Wales between 1994 and 1996 and has been following these families ever since, with around 10,000 still involved in the study. http://www.teds.ac.uk/
About Queen Mary
Queen Mary University of London is a research-intensive university that connects minds worldwide. A member of the prestigious Russell Group, we work across the humanities and social sciences, medicine and dentistry, and science and engineering, with inspirational teaching directly informed by our world-leading research. In the most recent Research Excellence Framework we were ranked 5th in the country for the proportion of research outputs that were world-leading or internationally excellent. We have over 25,000 students and offer more than 240 degree programmes. Our reputation for excellent teaching was rewarded with silver in the most recent Teaching Excellence Framework. Queen Mary has a proud and distinctive history built on four historic institutions stretching back to 1785 and beyond. Common to each of these institutions - the London Hospital Medical College, St Bartholomew's Medical College, Westfield College and Queen Mary College - was the vision to provide hope and opportunity for the less privileged or otherwise under-represented. Today, Queen Mary University of London remains true to that belief in opening the doors of opportunity for anyone with the potential to succeed and helping to build a future we can all be proud of.
Journal
Molecular Psychiatry