News Release

Limited access to SLE lab tests in developing nations affects usefulness

Peer-Reviewed Publication

American College of Rheumatology

ATLANTA -- According to new research findings presented this week at the 2019 ACR/ARP Annual Meeting, supportive laboratory assays to diagnose lupus, specifically the antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, are less often offered in developing nations due to a relative lack of resources. This greatly reduced the diagnostic utility of ANA as an entry criterion for lupus classification in Ghanaian and Nigerian cohorts compared to African American cohorts in the United States. This emphasizes an urgent need for broader clinical trials and ANA testing to participants in developing countries (Abstract #705).

Systemic lupus erythematosus, referred to as SLE or lupus, is a chronic (long-term) disease that causes systemic inflammation which affects multiple organs and can be deadly. In addition to affecting the skin and joints, it can affect other organs in the body such as the kidneys, brain, the tissue lining the lungs (pleura) and/or heart (pericardium). Many patients experience fatigue, weight loss, and fever.

Diagnostic criteria for SLE are important to generate reliable epidemiologic data. Prevalence of SLE in West Africa is falsely low because of barriers to accurate diagnostic testing, including lack of resources and the labor-intensive nature of these tests. The newly developed 2019 ACR/EULAR SLE classification criteria tool may improve diagnostic sensitivity and specificity compared to the previously established ACR and SLICC criteria. This new study investigated the performance of each set of criteria in two West African lupus cohorts from Korle bu Teaching Hospital in Ghana and Lagos University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria and compared it to an African American cohort at New York University/Langone Medical Center in New York City.

"African SLE patients throughout the diaspora are undertreated and understudied. This is in part due to the tendency for these individuals to hail from resource-limited areas of the world. In vetting diagnostic criteria, it is important to consider how more sophisticated testing may exacerbate existing disparities in diagnosis, treatment, and research," says Ashira D. Blazer, MD, MSCI, assistant professor of medicine, Division of Rheumatology, at New York University Langone Medical Center and the study's lead author. "Lack of widely available testing for ANA, the entry criterion to classify SLE using the 2019 ACR/EULAR classification criteria, throughout sub-Saharan Africa could impact SLE clinical care and slow down research", she adds. "We aimed to test the diagnostic efficiencies of each criteria in the USA compared to two low- or middle-income countries."

The researchers collected data on 355 patients with SLE for the study, including 151 African American patients in the United States, 110 patients in Ghana and 94 patients in Nigeria. All were diagnosed with lupus by expert clinicians. They gathered clinical information including demographics, SLE criteria, SLEDAI scores, SLICC damage indexes, vital signs and laboratory values that were available at the initial patient encounter. Longitudinal data was collected, at six-month intervals, over the course of at least one year during routine clinical visits. When necessary, the researchers also retrospectively reviewed clinical charts. They calculated the proportion of patients in each of the three cohorts who met each of the systems for classifying patients with lupus: (1) ACR, (2) SLICC and the (3) 2019 ACR/EULAR Classification Criteria for SLE.

The African American cohort's demographics included an average age of 43 years, 90 percent were women, mean SLE disease duration of 14.3 years; and 96 percent met the ACR criteria, 96 percent met the SLICC criteria and 95 percent met the ACR/EULAR criteria. In the Ghanaian cohort, the average age was 32 years, all were women, the mean SLE disease duration was 2.2 years; and 85 percent met the ACR criteria, 84 percent met the SLICC criteria and 62 percent met the ACR/EULAR criteria. In the Nigerian cohort, the average age was 35, 97 percent were women, the mean SLE disease duration was 4.4 years, and 90 percent met the ACR criteria, 87 percent met the SLICC criteria and 61 percent met the ACR/EULAR criteria.

Researchers found discrepancies in the data due largely to missing laboratory data, particularly immunologic and hematologic studies. While none of the African-American cohort were missing ANA test results, 26 percent of the Ghanaian cohort and 33 percent of the Nigerian cohort were missing ANA results. Compared to both the Ghanaian and Nigerian cohorts, the African-American cohort was more likely to meet ACR, SLICC and ACR/EULAR criteria. While the ANA entry criterion greatly diminished the diagnostic utility of the ACR/EULAR classification criteria in both the Ghanaian and Nigerian cohorts, the criteria's weighted point system performed better than either the ACR or SLICC criteria, with 96 percent of the African-American, 92 percent of the Ghanaian and 95 percent of the Nigerian cohorts earning a sufficient number of diagnostic points.

"The new clinical indices provided better diagnostic efficiency in the developing world than either the ACR or SLICC criteria. These findings were enlightening, and they solidified an important concept: that SLE is a clinical diagnosis first," says Dr. Blazer. "While research partnerships across the international economic divides might provide ANA testing, it is imperative that no new barriers be created for regional investigators who might struggle to disseminate data lacking the international community's required laboratory results."

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About the American College of Rheumatology

The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) is an international medical society representing over 8,500 rheumatologists and rheumatology health professionals with a mission to empower rheumatology professionals to excel in their specialty. In doing so, the ACR offers education, research, advocacy and practice management support to help its members continue their innovative work and provide quality patient care. Rheumatologists are experts in the diagnosis, management and treatment of more than 100 different types of arthritis and rheumatic diseases.

ABSTRACT

A Tale of Three Cohorts: SLE Criteria in Developed vs Developing Countries

Background/Purpose: SLE diagnostic criteria are important for reliable epidemiologic data. The prevalence of SLE in West Africa is falsely low due to barriers including limited access to both resource and labor-intensive diagnostic testing. Recently, the ACR and EULAR have proposed a weighted classification tool which is thought to improve diagnostic sensitivity and specificity compared to the established ACR and SLICC criteria. Here we aim to investigate the performance of each classification criteria in two West African cohorts--Korle bu Teaching Hospital, Accra Ghana (GH); and Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria (N)--compared to an NYU Langone-African American (AA) cohort.

Methods: We collected data on a total of 355 SLE patients: AA: n=151, GH: n=110, and N: n=94, diagnosed by expert clinicians. Clinical information including demographics, SLE criteria, SLEDAI scores, SLICC damage indexes, vital signs, and laboratory values as available was obtained at the initial patient encounter. Longitudinal data was collected over the course of at least 1 year at 6 month intervals during routine clinical visits. Where necessary, clinical charts were retrospectively reviewed, and the proportion of patients in each cohort meeting ACR, SLICC and the ACR/EULAR classification criteria was calculated.

Results: The demographics per cohort were as follows: Age (in yrs): AA=43.1, GH=32.4yrs, N=35.5; percent female: AA=90, GH=100, N=97; Mean SLE disease duration (yrs): AA=14.3, GH=2.2, N=4.4. In each cohort, the percentage of patients meeting ACR, SLICC, and ACR/EULAR criteria were AA=96%, 96%, and 95%; GH=85%, 84%, 62%; N=90%, 87%, 61%. This discrepancy was largely due to missing laboratory data particularly with regard to immunologic and hematologic studies. ANA was missing in 0% of the AA cohort, 26% of the GH cohort, and 33% of the N cohort respectively. Compared to the GH and N cohorts, the reference AA cohort was more likely to meet ACR, SLICC, and ACR/EULAR criteria with likelihood ratios (LR) of GH=10.2 p< 0.001 and N=3.0 p=0.08; GH=11.5, p< 0.001 and N=6.3, p=0.01; and GH=46.1 P< 0.001 and N=44.9, p< 0.001 respectively. On average, the mean number of ACR/EULAR points by cohort was AA: 26.1±11.8, GH: 21.3±8.1, and N: 19.0±6.2. While the ANA entry criteria greatly diminished the new ACR/EULAR diagnostic utility in the GH and N cohorts, the weighted point system performed better than either of the ACR or SLICC criteria with 96% of the AA cohort, 92%of the GH, and 95% of the N cohort meeting criteria (LR: AA vs GH=1.9, p=0.2; AA vs N=0.23, p=0.6).

Conclusions: Due to a relative lack of resources, supportive laboratory assays including an ANA may be more difficult to attain in developing nations. SLE is a clinical syndrome that may be efficiently diagnosed using the new weighted ACR/EULAR criteria. The entry criteria of ANA 1:80 greatly diminished the diagnostic utility of this classification system in the Ghanaian and Nigerian cohorts compared to the African American cohort. Clinical trials should consider offering wide ANA testing to cohorts in the developing world.


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