A study of the genetic make-up of zebrafish has provided brand new insights into the cause of congenital hearing disorders in humans.
A team including scientists from Cardiff University has identified how specific genes can dictate the patterns of the tiny cells - so-called hair cells - within our ears that allow us to hear and process sounds.
Genetic factors are thought to cause more than 50 per cent of all incidents of congenital hearing loss, with many attributed to the misalignment or damage of tiny hair cells.
These hair cells exist in their thousands within the cochlea and are 'tuned' to respond to different sounds based on pitch or frequency. This is due to a collective property called 'planar polarization', or the orientation in which the tiny hairs are laid out. When sound enters the ear, the hairs change the sound vibrations into an electrical signal that is sent to the brain, allowing us to recognise it.
Using zebrafish as a proxy, scientists have shed light on how changes to specific genes alter the coordinated direction that these cells are laid out.
The findings have been published in the journal Nature Communications.
Zebrafish have very similar hairs cells along their body, within the so-called lateral line organ, which they use to read pressure differences in water. Critically, zebrafish can regenerate these hairs when they are damaged, providing scientists with an ideal test bed to understand when things may go wrong.
Moreover, due to the inaccessibility of the inner ear, studying the alignment of hair cells in humans is extremely challenging.
In their study, the team investigated the genes underlining two signalling pathways - PCP and Wnt - that are present in both humans and zebrafish and are known to affect the way in which hair cells coordinate their orientations.
By systematically switching these genes off in the zebrafish, the team were able to study the multiple effects that this could have on hair cell direction.
This was made possible using new statistical characterisations developed at Cardiff University, which enabled the scientists to measure the types of hair cell patterns that would be created, for instance being highly aligned in rows, not aligned, or aligned in circular structures.
Results showed that not only could the regularity of the hair cell pattern be destroyed, producing a random hair cell direction, but certain alterations to the genes could lead to the hair cells having circular or spiral patterns.
First author Joaquin Navajas Acedo, Student at the Graduate School of the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, said: "The lateral line of zebrafish represents a unique tool to study this problem in particular, because of its accessibility and size. We are just beginning to understand the complex regulatory mechanisms behind this exciting process, and we hope more people start using this system to tackle the problem."
Co-author of the study Dr Thomas Woolley, from Cardiff University's School of Mathematics, said: "The big result is that we better understand what influences hair cell directionality and, equally, what may be going wrong in humans. These insights provide new directions through which we can tackle congenital hearing problems."
The study involved scientists from Cardiff University, the Stowers Institute for Medical Research and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre.
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Notes to editors
1. For further information contact:
Michael Bishop
Cardiff University
Tel: 02920 874499/07713325300
Email: bishopm1@cardiff.ac.uk
2. Cardiff University is recognised in independent government assessments as one of Britain's leading teaching and research universities and is a member of the Russell Group of the UK's most research intensive universities. The 2014 Research Excellence Framework ranked the University 5th in the UK for research excellence. Among its academic staff are two Nobel Laureates, including the winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize for Medicine, Professor Sir Martin Evans. Founded by Royal Charter in 1883, today the University combines impressive modern facilities and a dynamic approach to teaching and research. The University's breadth of expertise encompasses: the College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences; the College of Biomedical and Life Sciences; and the College of Physical Sciences and Engineering, along with a longstanding commitment to lifelong learning.
Journal
Nature Communications