- Projected 26,000 extra cases of heart disease/stroke and 3800 cases of stomach cancer by 2025, without strategy change, warn researchers
- Those living in areas of greatest deprivation hardest hit
- Estimated costs of treatment and lost productivity in excess of £1 billion
Since the introduction of the voluntary pact the UK government made with the food industry in 2011 to curb the salt content of food, the reduction in dietary salt intake in England has slowed significantly, reveals the first study of its kind, published online in the Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health.
It is estimated that this may have been responsible for an additional 9900 cases of heart disease/stroke and an extra 1500 cases of stomach cancer up to 2018--diseases both associated with excess dietary salt--compared with the period before the pact.
Without a change in strategy, this toll is estimated to reach 26,000 extra cases of heart disease/stroke and 3800 additional stomach cancer cases by 2025, widening health inequalities in the process, and adding up to more than £1 billion in healthcare and lost productivity costs, calculate the researchers.
The Public Health Responsibility Deal was a voluntary pact made between the UK government and industry to improve the nation's health by, among other things, reducing the salt content of food.
Before its introduction in 2011, the Food Standards Agency spearheaded a salt reduction strategy, which included voluntary agreements with industry to reformulate processed foods; public awareness campaigns; and food labelling.
But crucially, the strategy set specific targets to be achieved, with the threat of statutory imposition if these weren't met.
Despite the international popularity of public-private partnerships, such as the Responsibility Deal, to improve population health, these collaborations tend not to be properly evaluated, say the researchers.
To try and rectify this, they drew on data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2000, 2001) and national sodium intake surveys taken from the Health Survey for England for the years 2006, 2008, 2011 and 2014.
They then assessed the effect of changes in dietary salt intake on new cases of heart disease/stroke and stomach cancer, using a validated mathematical method (IMPACT) that closely mimics the impact of changing risk factors on the development of disease.
These data were then combined with published estimates of the healthcare and workplace productivity costs associated with cardiovascular disease and stomach cancer.
In 2000-01, average daily dietary salt intake was 10.5 g for men and 8 g for women in England. Between 2003 and 2010, average annual intake fell by 0.2 g among men and by 0.12 g among women.
But between 2011 and 2014, annual reductions in dietary salt intake slowed to 0.11 g among men and to 0.07 g among women.
IMPACT analysis estimated that between 2011 and 2018 this trend may have been responsible for around 9900 extra cases of heart disease/stroke plus 710 associated deaths, as well as 1500 additional cases of stomach cancer and 610 associated deaths.
If current trends in salt intake continue, the equivalent estimates rise to 26,000 extra cases and 5500 extra deaths from heart disease/stroke and 3800 additional cases of stomach cancer by 2025, compared with the trends before 2011.
What's more, those living in the most deprived areas of the country will have been hit the hardest, so widening health inequalities, the calculations suggest.
Estimates of the economic impact in terms of healthcare costs and lost productivity associated with these extra cases add up to £160 million between 2011 and 2018, rising further to more than £1 billion by 2025, the calculations show.
This is an observational modelling study, and as such can't establish cause, added to which the researchers acknowledge that their study did not collect long term data on salt intake in the same people, which may have affected the findings.
Nevertheless, their findings echo those of other studies and official data, they point out. They highlight that the Responsibility Deal may have been particularly unfavourable for those living in the most deprived areas of the country, so widening, rather than narrowing, health inequalities.
"Public-private partnerships such as the [Responsibility Deal], which lack robust and independent target setting, monitoring, and enforcement are unlikely to produce optimal health gains," they conclude.
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Peer reviewed? Yes
Evidence type: Observational; modelling study
Subjects: People
Journal
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health