News Release

Making lead pipes safe (video)

Peer-Reviewed Publication

American Chemical Society

Making Lead Pipes Safe

image: Briefly applying electricity to a lead pipe enables a safe coating to quickly form inside the pipe. view more 

Credit: Gabriel Lobo

ORLANDO, Fla., April 3, 2019 -- Lead leaching from pipes into the water supply is a serious public health concern. And if water sources or treatment regimens are changed, the new chemistry can cause water distribution systems that were previously safe to begin releasing toxic lead, as the crisis in Flint, Michigan, demonstrated a few years ago. Today, scientists will describe a cost-effective and quick method that could overcome these problems and make lead pipes safe for carrying drinking water.

The researchers will present their results today at the American Chemical Society (ACS) Spring 2019 National Meeting & Exposition. ACS, the world's largest scientific society, is holding the meeting here through Thursday. It features nearly 13,000 presentations on a wide range of science topics.

A brand-new video on the research is available at http://bit.ly/HLS_Lead_Pipes.

"More than 18 million people in the U.S. are currently at risk of developing health problems from lead leaching from pipes in their water distribution systems," says Gabriel Lobo, a doctoral student who is presenting the work at the meeting. Lead poisoning in young children can cause a broad range of symptoms, including brain damage, learning difficulties, and slowed growth and development. Adult exposure can cause high blood pressure, memory difficulties, miscarriages and other conditions.

Historically, many municipalities installed iron water mains that were connected to individual buildings by lead water pipes. In a typical lead pipe, chemicals in the water cause the inside wall of the pipe to corrode, releasing lead ions into the water, Lobo explains. To address this problem, municipalities add corrosion inhibitors to the water. Over time, these added phosphates react with the lead ions to create compounds that deposit on the inside of the pipe. This coating, or "scale," blocks other lead ions from leaching from the pipe into the water, making the pipe safe for water distribution. However, in Flint, the drinking water source was changed to a source that had different water quality, and concurrently, the city of Flint stopped using corrosion control measures. The protective scale dissolved, and toxic lead ions leached into the water.

Lobo became involved in this issue when his adviser, Ashok Gadgil, Ph.D., began to focus on finding a solution for the lead problems in Flint. Gadgil's team is at the University of California, Berkeley, and Gadgil is also affiliated with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

After a few months of intense effort, Gadgil and his team came up with an electrochemical approach to the problem. They applied a small external voltage to a sample of pipe to speed up corrosion. As usual, the freed lead ions then reacted with phosphates in the water to form scale. The process took just a few hours, compared with a couple of years for the usual scaling method. Lobo hopes this process could quickly restore the protective coating in the pipes in Flint, where scale has still not recoated the pipes.

The researchers have tested their process in the laboratory but caution that they haven't yet conducted any trials on lead pipes in the ground. For real-world applications, Gadgil envisions attaching external connectors to a homeowner's pipe at the water meter and at other junctions in the pipes, and then threading another wire through the pipes to complete the circuit. "The idea is that we wouldn't have to dig the whole pipe out, so we could keep the cost low," Gadgil explains. "Replacing all the plumbing in one house would cost several thousand dollars, whereas our process would cost less than one tenth of that."

Currently, the group is working with experts from a local water utility in California to determine the practical parameters for a test under real-world conditions. They are also planning to conduct a test later this year at an Oakland school where normal scale buildup isn't happening in the pipes.

A press conference on this topic will be held Wednesday, April 3, at 10:30 a.m. Eastern time in the Orange County Convention Center. Reporters may check-in at the press center, Room W231B, or watch live on YouTube http://bit.ly/ACSLive_Orlando2019 ("ACSLive_Orlando2019" is case-sensitive). To ask questions online, sign in with a Google account.

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The researchers acknowledge support from Big Ideas and a Hellman Graduate Award.

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Title

In situ electrochemical passivation of lead pipes in water distribution systems

Abstract

More than 18 million people in the US are currently at risk from lead poisoning due to lead leaching from pipes in their water distribution systems. This problem is usually contained through the slow and natural development of a passivating scale inside lead pipes; however, depending on the scale composition and water quality, this scale may dissolve, causing well known health crises like that in Flint, MI.

We propose a novel, fast and cost-effective technology to address this problem termed ALPS (Accelerated Lead Pipe Scale-buildup), which is an electrochemical method that accelerates scale formation in lead pipes. In ALPS, a wire is inserted within the pipes and the water is enriched with phosphates. A power source is then connected to the wire and to the pipe itself, and a small potential is applied to anodize the pipe, promoting lead corrosion and the rapid formation of an insoluble lead phosphate scale, after which the power source is disconnected, and the system removed. Our results show that ALPS decreases lead corrosion rates up to 500 times when compared to bare lead, depending on the power used and the reaction time. However, numerous challenges remain, including overcoming the high porosity of the lead phosphate scale. This study aims to show the advantages and limitations of ALPS, as well as discuss its potential for implementation.


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