image: Gustavo Puras is a member of the NanoBioCel group of the UPV/EHU's Faculty of Pharmacy and one of the authors of the study view more
Credit: Nuria González. UPV/EHU
Gene therapy is a technique that is rapidly expanding and developing owing to the huge potential is has for therapeutic purposes. It basically consists of inserting genetic material into target cells to incorporate a new function, re-establish a defective function or interfere in an already existing function. But one of the main difficulties it poses is "to successfully deliver this new genetic material to the cell. In the case of the nervous system, this transfection is particularly complicated, due among other factors to the physical barriers that the brain has and which have to be overcome", explained Gustavo Puras, a member of the NanoBioCel group of the UPV/EHU's Faculty of Pharmacy and one of the authors of the study.
This research group opted to study niosomes, a type of non-viral vectors. "They are lipid particles, vesicles, made up of three components: a cationic lipid, which is responsible for bonding with the DNA that one is intending to transfect; another helper lipid that facilitates entry into the nucleus through the membrane and prevents degradation of the niosome by the cellular lysosomes, and a non-ionic tensioactive agent that stabilises the emulsion used in dealing with these particles," added Dr Puras.
The study consisted of various phases: in the first one what they did was to select the three components with which to design the niosome particle itself. The innovative part of this study, as Puras explained, was the fact that "we used lycopene as the helper lipid, the pigment which gives tomatoes their colour and which is known to have properties in treating cancer and cardiovascular diseases but whose possible role in gene therapy had not been studied before". Afterwards, a plasmid was joined to the niosome, a gene which in this case was the gene of fluorescent green protein. "It is not a therapeutic plasmid, but it enabled us to know whether the cells had been transfected or not, because if they had, they would emit green fluorescence."
Once the niosome-plasmid complex had been achieved and the physical and chemical characterisation made, they conducted in vitro tests using models of neuronal cells, to see the transfection rate, in other words, the percentage of fluorescent green cells achieved, and the viability of these transfected cells. "What we saw was that incorporating the lycopene into the formulation improved the transfection of these neurons".
Transfection of glial cells rather than neurons
In the final phase, "the most interesting one", they conducted in vivo tests by injecting the preparation into the craniums of rats. What they were able to see in this phase was that the main cells that were transfected "were not neurons, but glial cells and cells from the walls of the blood vessels. They are not neurons, but they are also important, and they divide more; that is why we managed to transfect them in a greater proportion".
The researcher was "very satisfied" with the results obtained: "What we were aiming to do was to successfully transfect cells of the central nervous system and we achieved that. In a subsequent step, the gene that we transfected will not be that of the fluorescent green protein, but a protein that produces bioactive agents, or agents that encourage revascularization. The cells that turned out to be transfected to the greatest extent, the glial cells, are highly abundant in the central nervous system, and play a crucial role in the proper development and functioning of nerve tissue. What is more, their alteration is associated with a whole range of neurological disorders, such as brain haemorrhages, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's."
So these results will allow them to go on taking the research further. Apart from assessing the effect that various therapeutic plasmids could have, the researcher considers that there is room for improvement both in the transfection and in the viability of the cells; the duration of the expression of the transfected gene, etc. can also be studied. "Many possibilities are being opened up," he concluded.
###
Bibliographical reference
Mohamed Mashala, Noha Attia, Cristina Soto-Sánchez, Gema Martínez-Navarrete, Eduardo Fernández, Gustavo Puras, José Luis Pedraz.
Non-viral vectors based on cationic niosomes as efficient gene delivery vehicles to central nervous system cells into the brain
International Journal of Pharmaceutics (2018)
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.09.038
Journal
International Journal of Pharmaceutics