"Treatment with active vitamin D did not decrease cardiovascular events in kidney patients undergoing hemodialysis"-- A research group in Japan reported their research results in the December 11 issue of JAMA. "Death risk did not decrease either", according to the principal investigator Dr. Tetsuo Shoji, Research Professor at Department of Vascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
Vitamin D is known to link to health and many diseases including bone, heart, brain and other organs. Vitamin D exerts its actions after being converted by the liver and kidneys to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Therefore, majority of patients with kidney disease requiring hemodialysis shows deficiency of active vitamin D, which may be one of the causes for the 10 to 30 times higher risk for death from cardiovascular disease as compared with the general population.
Treatment with active vitamin D sterols has been available for more than 30 years in Japan and in other areas in the world, primarily to manage bone and mineral disorder in patients with kidney disease treated with dialysis. Active vitamin D treatment has dramatically improved bone health in such patients. In addition, a number of observational studies revealed that the use of active vitamin D is associated with lower risks of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and incident cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients. Basic research also showed potentially beneficial effects of active vitamin D on the heart, blood vessels, brain, immune system, endocrine system, and other organs. "Many nephrologists consider that active vitamin D as a 'longevity hormone' or 'panacea' for patients with kidney failure, but there has been lack of evidence by randomized clinical trials", said Professor Shoji. "To obtain such evidence, we performed a randomized clinical trial named J-DAVID, but the result was really disappointing". "It is important to note", added Professor Shoji, "that the association between vitamin D and clinical benefit shown by observational studies including cohort studies do not necessarily indicate causality".
Decreased kidney function results in decreased phosphate excretion to urine and a high serum phosphate concentration, and a low serum calcium concentration due to decreased active vitamin D. These abnormalities are compensated by increased parathyroid hormone (PTH), which increases the release of calcium from bone and increase the urinary excretion of phosphate. This condition called 'secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT)' could lead to bone mineral loss, bone deformity, and bone fracture in a long-term. Because active vitamin D is a drug for the standard treatment of SHPT, patients with SHPT were excluded in the clinical trial in which one half of the participants were assigned to treatment without active vitamin D.
"It is established that treatment with active vitamin D is beneficial on bone and mineral disorder in hemodialysis patients", said Professor Shoji, "So, our results will help doctors and patients of kidney disease choose wisely the beneficial medication for treatment of patients who have conditions needing the medication".
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Journal
JAMA