WASHINGTON - Half-facepiece reusable elastomeric respirators are an effective and viable option for protecting health care workers from exposure to airborne transmissible contaminants or infectious agents -- for example, influenza virus -- during day-to-day work or with a sudden or rapid influx of patients, such as during a public health emergency, says a new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Implementation challenges including storage, disinfection, and maintenance; training and education; user comfort and tolerability; and supply logistics and emergency stockpiling need to be addressed.
Respirators are one component of a range of administrative, engineering, and environmental hazard controls and prevention strategies used in health care to protect workers from exposure to airborne hazards during patient care and laboratory analysis, and while handling hazardous medication or waste. Reusable respirators (made from elastomeric or flexible rubber-like materials) are the standard respiratory protection device used in many industries, especially for industrial purposes, and their durability and reusability make them desirable for stockpiling in case of emergencies. They are not used widely in health care, however. Only two U.S. health institutions were identified by the study committee as using reusable elastomeric respirators either exclusively or primarily. Most health facilities use filtering facepiece respirators, often called N95s, which are disposable after one use or in between seeing patients.
The advantages of routine use of elastomeric respirators include increased familiarity of staff with these respirators and the continued improvement of policies and practices for cleaning, disinfection, and maintenance, leading to better preparedness during an emergency or pandemic situation. A smooth transition to surge use would be expedited and enhanced if reusable elastomeric respirators were a part of a health care facility's day-to-day respiratory protection program.
Addressing the respiratory needs of health care workers across their wide range of settings and jobs -- including, for example, home health caregivers, rural clinic personnel, nursing home staff, and hospital staff -- is an ethical imperative, the report says. It will require the design of innovative reusable respirators and the implementation of robust respiratory protection programs. These should take into account the distinctive characteristics of the health care workplace, including responsibilities of caring for multiple patients with varying health conditions; sudden and non-routine need for respiratory protection; and the possibility of needing to address unknown, potentially lethal, and highly transmissible infectious agents.
In addition, urgent action is needed to resolve gaps in knowledge and leadership on transmissibility of airborne contaminants or infectious agents. This includes the lack of standardized processes for the cleaning and disinfection of reusable respirators, the need for consistent guidance and standards by regulatory and policymaking authorities, and the need to establish accountability policies for each facility's respiratory protection program. The committee developed a set of recommendations for the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, professional associations, and accrediting organizations, among others, to spur research; enable effective respiratory protection programs, training, and education; and ensure rapid and seamless implementation.
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The study was sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are private, nonprofit institutions that provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions related to science, technology, and medicine. They operate under an 1863 congressional charter to the National Academy of Sciences, signed by President Lincoln. For more information, visit nationalacademies.org. A committee roster follows.
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Download the report at http://www.nationalacademies.org/ElastomericRespirators
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Copies of Reusable Elastomeric Respirators in Health Care: Considerations for Routine and Surge Use are available from the National Academies Press on the Internet at http://www.nap.edu or by calling 202-334-3313 or 1-800-624-6242. Reporters may obtain a copy from the Office of News and Public Information (contacts listed above).
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE
Health and Medicine Division
Board on Health Sciences Policy
Committee on the Use of Elastomeric Respirators in Health Care
Linda Hawes Clever* (co-chair)
Founding Chair
Department of Occupational Health
California Pacific Medical Center, and
Clinical Professor of Medicine
University of California
San Francisco
M. E. Bonnie Rogers (co-chair)
Director
North Carolina Occupational Safety and Health Education Research Center, and
Director
Occupational Health Nursing Program, and
Professor
Public Health Leadership Program
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill
Gloria Addo-Ayensu
Director
Department of Health
Fairfax County
Fairfax, Va.
Gio J. Baracco
Professor of Clinical Medicine
Division of Infectious Diseases
Miller School of Medicine
University of Miami
Miami
Jim Chang
Director of Safety and Environmental Health
University of Maryland Medical Center
Baltimore
Christopher Friese
Elizabeth Tone Hosmer Professor of Nursing, and
Director
Center for Improving Patient and Population Health
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor
Robert Harrison
Clinical Professor of Medicine
Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
University of California
San Francisco
Sundaresan Jayaraman
Kolon Professor
School of Materials Science and Engineering, and
Founding Director
Kolon Center for Lifestyle Innovation
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta
James S. Johnson
Consultant
JSJ and Associates
Pleasanton, Calif.
Bruce Lippy
Director of Safety Research
CPWR, The Center for Construction Research and Training
Silver Spring, Md.
Allison McGeer
Professor
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology
Dalla Lana School of Public Health
University of Toronto
Toronto
Chris Nyquist
Professor of Pediatrics-Infectious Diseases, and
Medical Director for Infection Prevention and Control, and
Medical Director for Occupational Health
Children's Hospital Colorado, and
School of Medicine
University of Colorado
Aurora
Mike Schmoldt
Program Industrial Hygienist
Argonne National Laboratory
Richland, Wash.
Skip I. Skivington
Vice President of Health Care Continuity Management and Support Services
Kaiser Permanente
Oakland, Calif.
Patricia Stone
Centennial Professor of Health Policy, and
Director
Center for Health Policy
School of Nursing
Columbia University
New York City
Tener Goodwin Veenema
Professor
School of Nursing, and
Professor,
Bloomberg School of Public Health
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore
STAFF
Cathy T. Liverman
Staff Officer
*Member, National Academy of Medicine