Enzymes in the cross-hairs

More and more bacteria are resistant to available antibiotics. A team of chemists from the Technical University of Munich (TUM) now presents a new approach: they have identified important enzymes in the metabolism of staphylococci. Blocking these enzymes in a targeted manner would allow the pathogens to be starved.

"Medicine needs new weapons against bacteria," says Prof. Stephan Sieber. "Many bacteria are already resistant to common drugs. An important goal of the research is thus to identify new points of attack."

Together with PhD student Annabelle Hoegl and his team at the Chair of Organic Chemistry II at the Technical University of Munich, the researcher has developed a procedure for isolating and metabolizing enzymes that control metabolism. "If we could block these enzymes," Stephan Sieber explains the goal, "we could more or less starve out the pathogens."

Staphylococcus as a model bacterium

The new methodology was tested on Staphylococcus aureus. The bacterium is widespread, with many species resistant to antibiotics. Staphylococci comprise thousands of proteins. "Isolating enzymes with specific properties from this haystack, identifying them and investigating their function presented a real challenge," recalls Sieber.

The enzymes targeted by the research team use vitamin B6 to accelerate chemical reactions in the cell. A crucial component of vitamin B6 is pyridoxal phosphate, or PLP. Without the PLP-dependent enzymes, the bacteria's metabolism would come to a halt, starving the microorganisms to death.

Tracking down enzymes with markers

The team used a chemically modified pyridoxal phosphate to detect such PLP-dependent enzymes. The marked molecules were added to a nutrient solution in which the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria proliferate.

Since the solution contained no natural PLP, the PLP-dependent enzymes incorporated the markers, using them for metabolism. The chemists then ruptured the bacteria using ultrasound and fished out the enzymes carrying the markers.

Opportunities for new antibiotics

The principle of molecular fishing, or "protein profiling," as it is called, is not completely new. But, the TUM scientists are the first to utilize this methodology to investigate PLP-dependent enzymes.

"We were able to demonstrate that the method is very efficient," emphasizes Sieber. "Many physiologically important enzymes in Staphylococcus depend on pyridoxal phosphate. We isolated 73% of these enzymes, analyzed them using mass spectrometry and identified them."

In addition, the team uncovered previously unknown PLP-dependent enzymes and deciphered their functions. "Therewith we discovered an untapped treasure in our search for new antibiotic targets," says the chemist.

This insight can now be used to develop new active agents against bacteria. In the next step, the researchers hope to investigate the functions of the enzymes in greater detail and determine how the metabolism of bacteria can be blocked in a targeted manner without damaging healthy human cells.

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Further information:

The project was funded by the European Research Council (ERC) and the EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program, the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), the German National Academic Foundation and the German Research Foundation (DFG) in the context of the Cluster of Excellence Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM).

Measurements for the determination of enzyme structures were carried out at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble (France) and with the Swiss Light Source (SLS) of the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen (Switzerland).

Publication:

Annabelle Hoegl, Matthew B. Nodwell, Volker C. Kirsch, Nina C. Bach, Martin Pfanzelt, Matthias Stahl, Sabine Schneider, Stephan A. Sieber
Mining the cellular inventory of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes with functionalized cofactor mimics
Nature Chemistry, Oct. 8, 2018 - DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0144-2

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