The widely held belief that gout is primarily caused by diet is not backed up by new evidence published in The BMJ today, which suggests that diet is substantially less important than genes in the development of high serum (blood) urate levels, that often precede gout.
Gout is a joint disease which causes extreme pain and swelling. It is most common in men aged 40 and older and is caused by excess uric acid in the blood (known as hyperuricaemia) which forms crystals that collect around the joints.
For centuries, diet has been seen as a risk factor for the development of gout. Recent studies suggest that certain foods (eg. meat, shellfish, alcohol and sugary soft drinks) are associated with a higher risk of gout, while others (eg. fruit, vegetables, low-fat dairy products and coffee) have a protective effect. Studies also show that genetic factors play an important role.
To better understand how both diet and genes might influence the development of gout, a team of researchers based in New Zealand analysed dietary survey data for 8,414 men and 8,346 women of European ancestry from five US cohort studies.
Participants were aged over 18 without kidney disease or gout, and were not taking urate-lowering or diuretic drugs.
Blood urate measurements and genetic profiles were recorded. Factors that could have affected the results, such as sex, age, body mass index, daily calorie intake, education, exercise levels, and smoking status, were also taken into account.
Dietary analysis revealed seven foods associated with raised urate levels (beer, liquor, wine, potato, poultry, soft drinks, and meat) and eight foods associated with reduced urate levels (eggs, peanuts, cold cereal, skimmed milk, cheese, brown bread, margarine, and non-citrus fruits).
However, each of these foods explained less than 1% of variation in urate levels.
Similarly, three diet scores, based on healthy diet guidelines, were also associated with lowered urate levels, while a fourth, based on a diet high in unhealthy foods, was associated with increased urate levels. Again, however, each of these diet scores explained very little (less than 0.3%) variance in urate levels.
In contrast, genetic analysis revealed that common genetic factors explained almost a quarter (23.9%) of variation in urate levels.
The researchers point to some limitations, such as the use of different food questionnaires between studies, and the fact that the study was limited to individuals of European ancestry without gout, so the findings may not be generalisable to other populations or to people with gout.
Nevertheless, they say their data "are important in showing the relative contributions of overall diet and inherited genetic factors to the population variance of serum urate levels."
They conclude: "Our data challenge widely held community perceptions that hyperuricaemia is primarily caused by diet, showing for the first time that genetic variants have a much greater contribution to hyperuricaemia than dietary exposure."
In a linked editorial, researchers at Keel University point out that people with gout often experience stigma from the misconception that it is a self-inflicted condition caused by unhealthy lifestyle habits and, as a result, are often reluctant to seek medical help.
This study, they say, "provides important evidence that much of patients' preponderance to hyperuricaemia and gout is non-modifiable, countering these harmful but well-established views and practices and providing an opportunity to address these serious barriers to reducing the burden of this common and easily treatable condition."
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Externally peer-reviewed? Yes (research), No (linked editorial)
Type of evidence: Observational
Subjects: People
Journal
The BMJ