image: a, This is a sociogram for an operating unit in the treatment group. b, This is a sociogram for an operating unit in the control group. IBSs are represented by white nodes, non-boundary spanners are represented by grey nodes, and projects are represented by black nodes. Nodes with orange circles are people targeted by the experiment. Black lines represent ties from people to projects in the same cluster, and grey lines represent ties from people to projects in different clusters. view more
Credit: Michigan State University
Social gadflies in an organization are the new superheroes of conservation, according to a study in this month's Nature Sustainability.
Conservation globally has received a boost from the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals, placing new emphasis on, and opportunities for, support for the world's flora and fauna. Yet even as environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) like The Nature Conservancy prepare to rise to the challenge, they face size issues. Specifically, their own size.
Many ENGOs are vast and international, making it challenging to put innovations into action. Bring in social scientists to figure out who best is positioned to push good ideas out and garner support. Organization-savvy researchers at Michigan State University (MSU) teamed up with Nature Conservancy researchers to test the system.
"We helped conceptualize how to analyze and leverage the social network administrative data for diffusion," said Ken Frank, MSU Foundation Professor of Sociometrics. "What we found were the people in an organization that are four times more likely to diffuse information." In other words, they struck organizational gold.
The group, led by Yuqing Liu, an MSU PhD student, and Yuta Masuda, a senior sustainable development and behavioral scientist at The Nature Conservancy, were focusing on people known as informal boundary spanners, those in an organization who may be more receptive to new information, and share it with co-workers regardless of what department they're in, or what project they work on. They span boundaries.
The Nature Conservancy had expanded Conservation by Design (CbD), its guiding science principles and strategic framework for its work across the globe. The new version ramped up an emphasis on connections between people and nature, opening the door to more systemic changes. It also posed a question on how best to get that information out effectively to its thousands of staff.
Using targeted emails inviting staff to take part in an online tutorial on one of CbD's core innovations, the team analyzed how informal boundary spanners and a randomly selected group of non-boundary spanners engaged with and shared the information with their colleagues. This led them to realize that informal boundary spanners are people who don't need to be told it's their job to share a cool piece of work information.
"Imagine you need 80 staff to volunteer in distributing information to their colleagues," Liu said. "You only need to ask 100 boundary spanners, 80 of them will just go ahead and share the innovation. But you will have to reach 400 non-IBS staff to have 80 people willingly spreading the information with their co-workers. This is a big difference when look at large scale."
In recognition of a complex and intertwined world, many global agendas are increasingly integrated. Many organizations are now tasked with incorporating, adapting, and adopting new ideas and tools to address ambitious policy problems. But resources are finite, and organizations are eager to do so efficiently and effectively.
Masuda said that a simple, but perhaps inefficient method, would be to mandate adoption. This study demonstrates how administrative systems can create an understanding of informal networks within organizations, and then be used to identify theoretically important actors.
"For organizational leaders, having information on the organizational network structure is like holding a roadmap of how new information can spread," he said. "Informal boundary spanners are like important local hubs scattered across the organization. Organizational leaders now have one more method to disseminate new ideas and tools."
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In addition to Frank, Liu and Masuda, "Innovation diffusion within large environmental NGOs through informal network agents" was written by Sheila Reddy, Kyle Burford, Jonathan Fisher and Jensen Montambault. The work was supported by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Frank is a member of MSU's Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability.
Journal
Nature Sustainability