Scientists from three UK universities are to test one of the fundamental laws of physics as part of a major Europe-wide project awarded more than £3m in funding.
Experts from the University of Southampton, Queen's University Belfast and UCL have formed a consortium with European universities and British photonics technology company M Squared to test the limits of one of the core principles of quantum mechanics - the mind-boggling physical laws that allow microscopic particles such as atoms and electrons to be in two places at once.
Established at the beginning of the 20th century, quantum theory is a mathematical framework that provides, to date, the most accurate understanding of the results of experiments conducted on physical systems as small as single atoms, very small molecules and very faint light.
The consortium has devised an ambitious experiment to test the so-called quantum superposition principle (QSP) - the law that allows microscopic systems to appear in two different, perfectly distinguishable, configurations at the same time.
The validity of QSP at the microscopic level is accepted by scientists, and confirmed by an enormous amount of data. But what prevents it from applying to the 'large-scale' world around us? In other words, why do everyday objects such as cars, trees and people not behave in a quantum mechanical manner and exist in two places at once?
Unproven theories advanced since the 1980s suggest the existence of a universal background 'noise' that destroys QSP of larger objects, such as particles that can be seen using an optical microscope.
The 'Project TEQ' consortium, led by the University of Trieste, in Italy, will test the existence of this noise thanks to a €4.4m (£3.9m) award from the European Commission.
Its experiment will involve a tiny particle of glass, one-thousandth of the width of a human hair, being levitated by an electric field in a vacuum at a temperature close to absolute zero (-273C). A laser will be shot at the particle, and the scattering of the laser's light measured for signs of movement of the particle.
If there is no movement, it means that quantum mechanics still apply at this scale and there is no universal background noise.
However, if movement is detected, it indicates the existence of a noise that prevents QSP applying at this scale. This would represent the first observed failure of quantum theory, setting a limit on the scale at which quantum mechanics apply and having implications for large-scale applications of any physical system based on quantum principles.
Professor Hendrik Ulbricht, of the University of Southampton, said: "The vast majority of phenomena and events that occur in our daily lives can be accounted for by the laws of physics established by Isaac Newton, but the microscopic world obeys the rules of quantum mechanics, which are so strange that they can seem counter-intuitive.
"Whether it's possible to observe quantum behaviour in macroscopic objects is the great unanswered question in quantum physics. If it turns out we can, this could eventually open the way for us to use the amazing characteristics of quantum mechanics in a much larger set of physical systems beyond the microscopic world. We're about to embark on a very exciting journey."
Professor Mauro Paternostro, of Queen's University Belfast, said: "Our research programme could prove that we do not have to deal with extremely small systems in order to see quantum effects, which is currently the main limitation of quantum technology.
"If you can prove that quantum theory extends to larger systems, it will offer a much more robust way of processing information: all the chips and integrated systems in computers could be shrunk to a much smaller scale and we would be able to manage quantum for daily applications.
"This would mean larger data-processing rates, larger memories and larger transmission rates of data across these larger networks."
Dr Graeme Malcolm OBE, CEO and co-founder of M Squared, said: "This fund for TEQ is an excellent example of the EU's continued support of quantum research and allows established thinking behind quantum mechanics to be tested to its limits.
"If this work does prove that quantum effects can be seen on a larger scale, it widens the potential commercial applications of quantum technology - in particular, the areas of sensing and metrology will see significant commercial opportunities in the coming decades. It's an honour to be part of the team exploring the potential of technology operating at the very limits of physics.
If the experiment proves that quantum mechanics can be applied to larger-scale systems, it could make creating quantum technologies for use in space easier, with satellites being used to transmit quantum information rather than relying on fibres on the ground or under the sea."
Other potential applications include the development of ultra-sensitive measuring devices that could outperform existing sensors to measure the effects of gravity.
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NOTES TO EDITORS
- The TEQ consortium is led by the University of Trieste, Italy. UK members are: University of Southampton, UCL, Queen's University Belfast, and M Squared. European members are: Aarhus Universitet, Denmark; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy; Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Austria; Technische Universiteit Delft, Netherlands.
- The project is supported by a €4.4M grant awarded by European Commission's Horizon2020 research framework programme.
- The University of Southampton drives original thinking, turns knowledge into action and impact, and creates solutions to the world's challenges. We are among the top one per cent of institutions globally. Our academics are leaders in their fields, forging links with high-profile international businesses and organisations, and inspiring a 24,000-strong community of exceptional students, from over 135 countries worldwide. Through our high-quality education, the University helps students on a journey of discovery to realise their potential and join our global network of over 200,000 alumni. http://www.southampton.ac.uk
- Queen's University Belfast is ranked in the top one per cent of universities in the world (QS World Rankings 2018 / webometrics.info) and is part of the Russell Group of universities, combining excellence in research and education with a student-centred ethos. Queen's is ranked 8th in the UK for Research Intensity with over 75% of its research assessed as 'world-leading' or 'internationally excellent' in REF 2014, and is one of the UK's leading institutions for research commercialisation.
- For more information about UCL visit: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/
- M Squared is a leading developer of photonics and quantum technology, harnessing the power of light to drive society changing innovation.
The tools it designs and manufactures are used in collaboration with Nobel Prize-winning scientists, some of the world's top universities and innovative manufacturers. From idea, to lab, to real life - the company plays a part in every step of the journey. Its light-based applications are used in a number of fields, including quantum technology, biophotonics and chemical sensing.
Founded in Scotland, M Squared has offices in the UK, Europe and the USA, serving its international customer base. Its contribution to science and industry has been recognised with the Queen's Award for Enterprise in Innovation and the Institute of Physics Business Innovation Awards. It has also featured in the Deloitte Technology Fast 50 and The Sunday Times Fast Track 100.
Learn more about M Squared at m2lasers.com
For further information contact:
Peter Franklin, Media Relations
University of Southampton
023 8059 3212
p.franklin@southampton.ac.uk
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