Smoking risk drops significantly in college graduates when they live near areas that have completely banned smoking in bars and restaurants, according to a new study in the American Journal of Epidemiology.
The study found that the bans were associated with high gains in quit attempts by smokers with low incomes.
"Our results suggest that smoking bans may help start the process among people with lower socioeconomic status by making them more likely to try to quit smoking, but that more needs to be done to help translate it into successful smoking cessation," said the lead author and former Drexel doctoral student Stephanie Mayne.
The study linked 25 years of health data collected from young-to-middle-aged smokers to a database on smoking bans from the American Non-Smokers Rights Foundation.
The data showed that the effects of the smoking ban were not uniform. Overall, the bans appeared to be most effective at reducing smoking risk in people with higher levels of education.
Among people with at least a bachelor's degree, smoking fell by about 20 percent if they lived in areas where a ban was introduced. The study also found that bans reduced the risk of becoming heavy smoker (smoking 10 or more cigarettes -- half a pack -- a day). People whose education level didn't reach a bachelor's degree didn't experience a reduction in smoking levels.
However, the introduction of bans did increase the likelihood of trying to quit among lower income people. People in the lowest income bracket were about 15 percent more likely to try to quit if they lived in an area where a ban was introduced.
"An important marker of smoking cessation success is quit attempts," explained study co-author Amy Auchincloss, PhD, associate professor in Drexel University's Dornsife School of Public Health. "On average, it takes somewhere between eight and 14 attempts to finally quit."
Many studies have shown that smoking bans reduce exposure to secondhand smoke -- and populations with lower education have higher than average exposure to it. So although risk of smoking didn't appear to change for this group of people in the study, bans remain beneficial.
All the same, the study showed that smoking bans don't fully address smoking risk.
"Inequalities in the effects of bans on smoking highlight the need for a multi-pronged approach -- including tobacco taxes and ensuring that tobacco companies do not promote their products to vulnerable populations - as well as providing free smoking cessation counseling and pharmacotherapy," Auchincloss said.
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The paper, "Associations of Bar and Restaurant Smoking Bans with Smoking Behavior in the CARDIA Study: A 25-Year Study," is available here: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx372
Direct correspondence to:
Dr. Amy H. Auchincloss
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
School of Public Health, Drexel University
3215 Market Street, 5th floor
Philadelphia, PA,19104
aha27@drexel.edu
To request a copy of the study, please contact: Lauren Godwin Lauren.Godwin@oup.com
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Journal
American Journal of Epidemiology