image: Karen H. Koltes, Ph.D, records data at a CARICOMP site. By measuring ocean health in the same way at sites across the Caribbean, it's possible to understand where coastal environments are the most stressed out. "If people get their act together very soon, there is still hope of reversing some of these changes," said Rachel Collin, director of the Bocas del Toro Research Station at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, one of the participating marine-monitoring stations. view more
Credit: Karen Koltes
Forty percent of the world's 7.6 billion people live in coastal cities and towns. A team including Smithsonian marine biologists just released 25 years of data about the health of Caribbean coasts from the Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity Program (CARICOMP). The study provides new insights into the influence of both local and global stressors in the basin, and some hope that the observed changes can be reversed by local environmental management.
The largest, longest program to monitor the health of the Caribbean coastal ecosystems, CARICOMP revealed that water quality decreased at 42 percent of the monitoring stations across the basin. However, significant increases in water temperature, expected in the case of global warming, were not detected across sites.
"We're seeing important changes in local conditions, like decreases in visibility associated with declining water quality and the increasing presence of people, but we're not picking up global-scale changes, like climate warming," said Iliana Chollett, post-doctoral fellow at the Smithsonian Marine Conservation Program in Fort Pierce, Fla..
"Our data set did not reveal significant increases in water temperature," Chollett said. "Satellites only measure temperature at the surface. Underwater temperatures are much more variable, and it may take decades of data to reveal a significant change, so we're not sure if this means that we just don't have enough data to detect it yet."
More than 25 years ago, in 1992, researchers at institutions across the Caribbean began to set up stations to gather environmental data on mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs at coastal sites.
They began to take weekly measurements of water temperature, salinity and visibility at stations placed to avoid direct interference from cities, towns and other direct human impacts.
The team gathered CARICOMP data from 29 sites in Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Bonaire, Colombia, Costa Rica, Florida, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saba, and Venezuela and organized it into a single data set. This includes data taken for periods from three years, at stations added to the network more recently, to 22 years.
Despite attempts to locate monitoring sites in places not affected by human activities, the stations are picking up signals of human influence throughout the Caribbean basin.
"One positive implication of this report is people are capable of dealing with local change by regulating pollution and runoff," said Rachel Collin, director of the Bocas del Toro Research Station at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, one of the participating marine-monitoring stations. "If people get their act together very soon, there is still hope of reversing some of these changes."
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The MacArthur Foundation, the Coral Reef Initiative of the U.S. Department of State, UNESCO and the U.S. National Science Foundation supported the CARICOMP network as did the individual institutions that run the monitoring stations.
The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, headquartered in Panama City, Panama, is a part of the Smithsonian Institution. The Institute furthers the understanding of tropical nature and its importance to human welfare, trains students to conduct research in the tropics and promotes conservation by increasing public awareness of the beauty and importance of tropical ecosystems. STRI website. Promotional video.
Chollett, I., Collin, R. Bastidas, C. et al. 2017. Widespread local chronic stressors in Caribbean coastal habitats. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188564
Institutions involved in this study: Smithsonian Marine Station, Florida, U.S.; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama; Universidad Simón Bolivar, Venezuela; Massachusetts Institue of Technology; University of the West Indies, Jamaica; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico; Office of Insular Affairs, Washington, D.C., U.S,; University of the West Indies, Barbados; Global Change Institute, Australia; University of Puerto Rico, U.S.; University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago; Environment and Economy Directorate, U.K.; Brewster Academy, U.S.; American University of Sharja, U.A.E.; Department of the Environment, Grand Cayman; Bangor University, U.K.; University of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago; Bermuda Aquarium Museum and Zoo, Bermuda; American Bird Conservancy, U.S., Universidad de Costa Rica.
Journal
PLoS ONE